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=''' | ='''Use of Flavors/Flavours for Smoking Cessation'''= | ||
*See Also: [https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/ENDS_Flavors ENDS - Flavors] | |||
===2021: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/23/9/1490/6149939 How Does the Use of Flavored Nicotine Vaping Products Relate to Progression Toward Quitting Smoking? Findings From the 2016 and 2018 ITC 4CV Surveys]=== | |||
*Use of fruit and other sweet flavored e-liquids is positively related to smokers’ transition away from cigarettes. | |||
*Citation: Lin Li, PhD, Ron Borland, PhD, Kenneth Michael Cummings, PhD, Geoffrey T Fong, PhD, Shannon Gravely, PhD, Danielle M Smith, MPH, Maciej L Goniewicz, PhD, Richard J O’Connor, PhD, Mary E Thompson, PhD, Ann McNeill, PhD, How Does the Use of Flavored Nicotine Vaping Products Relate to Progression Toward Quitting Smoking? Findings From the 2016 and 2018 ITC 4CV Surveys, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 23, Issue 9, September 2021, Pages 1490–1497, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntab033 | |||
===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275248/ Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation]=== | |||
*'''Adults who began vaping nontobacco-flavored e-cigarettes were more likely to quit smoking than those who vaped tobacco flavors'''. | |||
*Banning flavors altogether may be too blunt an instrument for the current problem (youth use of vapor products). | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826# PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Friedman, A. S., & Xu, S. (2020). Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation. JAMA Network Open, 3(6), e203826. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826 | |||
*Acknowledgment: : Ms Xu was supported by a T32 National Research Service Award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS017589). | |||
===2019: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460318311821 The role of flavors in vaping initiation and satisfaction among U.S. adults]=== | |||
*Most common reasons for vaping initiation were as an alternative to cigarettes (43.7%) and because respondents viewed e-cigarettes as less harmful than other tobacco products (31.2%). Flavor was the third most commonly reported reason. | |||
*'''Satisfaction among those who bought flavored e-liquid was higher than those who did not buy flavored e-liquid'''. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106077# PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Landry, R. L., Groom, A. L., Vu, T.-H. T., Stokes, A. C., Berry, K. M., Kesh, A., … Payne, T. J. (2019). The role of flavors in vaping initiation and satisfaction among U.S. adults. Addictive Behaviors, 106077. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106077 | |||
*This research was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) under Awards P50HL120163 and U54HL120163. | |||
===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31477072/ Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes]=== | |||
*The ten-item Penn State Dependence Index (PSDI) suggested greater dependence on smoking than vaping | |||
*'''The most common reasons for vaping were to reduce smoking (79%)''', enjoyment of flavors (78%), and ability to vape where smoking is not allowed (73%). Perceptions of less harm to others (69%) or to self were the next most common (65%). Fewer than half used ECs to reduce stress, for affordability, or because others used them. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721166/pdf/12889_2019_Article_7523.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Rhoades DA, Comiford AL, Dvorak JD, Ding K, Hopkins M, Spicer P, Wagener TL, Doescher MP. Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2019 Sep 2;19(1):1211. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7523-5. PMID: 31477072; PMCID: PMC6721166. | |||
*Acknowledgement: Grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (P20CA202921 to University of Oklahoma, and 5P20CA202923 to Cherokee Nation) supported this study. | |||
===2019: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqTdqLZQUCo Video: Can Flavors Help People Who Smoke Quit Smoking?]=== | |||
*Minnesota Smoke-Free Alliance | |||
*Do flavors help adults quit smoking? Is there "right" flavored products and "wrong" flavored products? Do we have the right to tell people they have to quit smoking using a method we approve of? (English) | |||
===2019: Article: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/18yNyRhNe0liQ_uP3tSEcaLV9JB-gLyMEnCuE8aLBtPc/edit?usp=sharing Flavors make vaping more palatable, help cigarette smokers kick the habit]=== | |||
*Flavored e-cigarettes were not invented by “Big Tobacco,” nor are they an unscrupulous marketing plot from the thousands of small, independently owned vape companies in the United States to addict kids. Non-tobacco vape flavors are a user innovation. | |||
*Fruit, candy, bakery, mint, and beverage flavors were introduced to vaping in 2008 by pioneering users of the technology who were desperate to use e-cigarettes to replace smoking. | |||
*Flavors like cotton candy, bubble gum, and the many other examples opponents claim are obviously targeted to youth are in fact flavors someone trying to quit smoking wanted to vape and mixed themselves. These innovations in home-mixing resulted in the commercial market about to be banned today. | |||
*The preponderance of evidence indicates that non-tobacco flavors, including fruit, dessert, and candy, are essential to vaping as an effective way to quit smoking and avoid relapse. | |||
*Citation: Amelia Howard, September 21, 2019, Pro/Con: As vaping-related illnesses rise, should flavored e-cigarettes be banned?, The Philadelphia Enquirer | |||
===2019: Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191129093506/https://www.chieftain.com/opinion/20191128/banning-flavored-e-cigarettes-has-consequences Banning flavored e-cigarettes has consequences]=== | |||
*Instead of clamping down on teen vaping or socking it to Juul, a total vape flavor ban would shut down more than 14,000 small businesses and put at least 166,000 people out of work, while denying millions of Americans access to the tools they used to quit smoking. | |||
*E-cigarettes are known to be at least 95 percent safer than combustible cigarettes. If every smoker in America switched to vaping, as many as 6.6 million lives could be saved over the next decade. | |||
*Additionally, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found e-cigarettes to be almost twice as effective as traditional nicotine replacement therapies at helping smokers quit. | |||
*The consequences of banning flavors are as obvious as they are tragic. Analyzing the potential effects of different tobacco flavor bans, researchers at the Yale School of Public Health concluded that banning e-cigarette flavors would result in more smoking. | |||
*Citation: Guy Bentley, November 28, 2019, The Pueblo Chieftain | |||
===2018: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/20/8/977/4061315?redirectedFrom=fulltext Advice From Former-Smoking E-Cigarette Users to Current Smokers on How to Use E-Cigarettes as Part of an Attempt to Quit Smoking]=== | |||
*This study describes the advice that former-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking would offer to smokers who are considering using an e-cigarette to support an attempt to quit smoking. '''Vapers advised smokers to find the right combination of device, flavors and nicotine strength''', continue to smoke and vape for a while if they wished, not be deterred by past failed attempts to quit smoking, and expect health to improve after they have switched to vaping. Encouraging smokers to interact with vaping peers in vape shops and in online vaping-dedicated discussion forums may help significantly more smokers switch to vaping. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.do/10.1093/ntr/ntx176# PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Christopher Russell, PhD, Tiffany Dickson, MSc, Neil McKeganey, PhD, Advice From Former-Smoking E-Cigarette Users to Current Smokers on How to Use E-Cigarettes as Part of an Attempt to Quit Smoking, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 20, Issue 8, August 2018, Pages 977–984, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx176 | |||
*Acknowledgement: Funding for this study was provided by Nicoventures. | |||
===2018: [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/3/e018329.full Motivation and main flavour of use, use with nicotine and dual use of electronic cigarettes in Barcelona, Spain: a cross-sectional study ]=== | |||
*The most prevalent motivation for using e-cigarettes was to reduce tobacco smoking 48%, followed by quitting smoking 39.2%, and to use e-cigarettes in places where tobacco smoking was prohibited 10.2%. | |||
*Citation: Bunch K, Fu M, Ballbè M, et alMotivation and main flavour of use, use with nicotine and dual use of electronic cigarettes in Barcelona, Spain: a cross-sectional studyBMJ Open 2018;8:e018329. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018329 | |||
*Acknowledgement: The project was cofunded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación, Government of Spain (PI15/00291). The project was also cofunded by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)—a way to build Europe—in 2015 and Ministry of Universities and Research, Government of Catalonia (grant 2017SGR608). | |||
===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800112/ Differences between Dual Users and Switchers Center around Vaping Behavior and Its Experiences Rather than Beliefs and Attitudes]=== | |||
*To the extent that dual users substantially lower the number of cigarettes, they will reduce health risks from smoking. However, from a medical point of view, exclusive vaping is preferable to dual use; | |||
*Differences between dual users and switchers center around variables proximal to the vaping behavior and its experienced effects rather than hinging on more general vaping-related beliefs and attitudes. | |||
*After e-cig initiation, dual users decreased tobacco consumption by 82% and were low-to-moderately cigarette dependent. | |||
*'''The two groups (dual users and switchers) reported mostly using a flavor other than tobacco'''. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800112/pdf/ijerph-15-00012.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Adriaens K, Van Gucht D, Baeyens F. Differences between Dual Users and Switchers Center around Vaping Behavior and Its Experiences Rather than Beliefs and Attitudes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Dec 23;15(1):12. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010012. PMID: 29295483; PMCID: PMC5800112. | |||
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808473/ Preferred Flavors and Reasons for E-cigarette Use and Discontinued Use Among Never, Current, and Former Smokers]=== | |||
*Never users had significantly lower prevalence of use of alcohol, marijuana, and other tobacco products (take less risks). | |||
*The most commonly reported reasons for e-cigarette use were “they might be less harmful than cigarettes” (77%); “they don’t smell” (77%); “they help people quit smoking” (66%); and “they cost less than other forms of tobacco” (62%); these reasons were more frequently endorsed by former smokers. | |||
*Among current e-cigarette users, the most commonly used flavor was fruit flavors (67%) | |||
*'''Over 90% of former cigarette smokers who were current e-cigarette users reported using e-cigarettes to quit smoking'''. | |||
*Over half of never smokers who are former e-cigarette users said they did not recently use e-cigarettes because they “just don’t think about it”, possibly indicating that addiction did not play a role in their use. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808473/pdf/nihms739529.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Berg CJ. Preferred flavors and reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use among never, current, and former smokers. Int J Public Health. 2016 Mar;61(2):225-36. doi: 10.1007/s00038-015-0764-x. Epub 2015 Nov 18. PMID: 26582009; PMCID: PMC4808473. | |||
*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute (1K07CA139114-01A1; PI: Berg) and the Georgia Cancer Coalition (PI: Berg). | |||
===2013: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/10/12/7272/htm Impact of Flavour Variability on Electronic Cigarette Use Experience: An Internet Survey]=== | |||
*4,618 participants were included in the analysis, with 4,515 reporting current smoking status (current vs. former smokers). | |||
*More than 90% were former smokers. The mean age was 40 years | |||
*At the time of participation, most commonly used flavors were fruits, followed by sweets. | |||
*'''Most participants (68.3%) were switching between flavours on a daily basis or within the day''', with former smokers switching more frequently. More than half of the study sample mentioned that they like the variety of flavours and that the taste gets blunt from long-term use of the same flavour. The average score for importance of flavours variability in reducing or quitting smoking was 4 (“very important”). Finally, the majority of participants stated that restricting variability of flavours would make the EC experience less enjoyable while almost half of them answered that it would increase craving for tobacco cigarettes and would make reducing or completely substituting smoking less likely. | |||
*The results of this survey indicate that EC liquid flavourings play a major role in the overall experience of dedicated users and support the hypothesis that they are important contributors in reducing or eliminating smoking consumption. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.3390/ijerph10127272# PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Spyrou, A., & Voudris, V. (2013). Impact of Flavour Variability on Electronic Cigarette Use Experience: An Internet Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 7272–7282. doi:10.3390/ijerph10127272 | |||
*Acknowledgement: No funding was received for this study. | |||
===2006: [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06686.x Tobacco Dependence: Global Public Health Potential for New Medications Development and Indications]=== | |||
*The marketing of a mint-flavored form of nicotine gum in the United States increased the market for nicotine gum by more than 25% and contributed to increasing numbers of smokers finding a treatment that was acceptable and thereby successfully quitting smoking. | |||
*There is clearly a need for increased forms of nicotine delivery, possibly including those that more closely mimic the pharmacokinetics of cigarettes. | |||
*PDF Version | |||
*Citation: HENNINGFIELD, J. E., FANT, R. V., GITCHELL, J., & SHIFFMAN, S. (2006). Tobacco Dependence: Global Public Health Potential for New Medications Development and Indications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 909(1), 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06686.x | |||
*Acknowledgement: Portions of this paper were adapted from a paper submitted by these authors to The Economics of Neuroscience. 37 The preparation of this paper was partially supported by unrestricted funding by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare for which the authors also provide consulting services. | |||
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