| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
==Cognitive / IQ== | ==Cognitive / IQ== | ||
==Digestive Tract / Bowel== | ==Digestive Tract / Bowel== | ||
===2008 [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2008/237185/ Nicotine Enemas for Active Crohn's Colitis: An Open Pilot Study]=== | |||
*Smoking has a detrimental effect in [[Abbreviations|'''Crohn's disease (CD)''']], but this may be due to factors in smoking other than nicotine. Given that transdermal nicotine benefits [[Abbreviations|'''ulcerative colitis (UC)''']], and there is a considerable overlap in the treatment of UC and CD, the possible beneficial effect of nicotine has been examined in patients with Crohn's colitis. | |||
*In this relatively small study of patients with active Crohn's colitis, 6 mg nicotine enemas appeared to be of clinical benefit in most patients. They were well tolerated and safe. | |||
*[http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2008/237185.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: J. R. Ingram, J. Rhodes, B. K. Evans, and G. A. O. Thomas, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Volume 2008, Article ID 237185, 6 pages, doi:10.1155/2008/237185 | |||
*Acknowledgements: J. R. Ingram was supported by the Gastrointestinal Foundation Trust. SLA Pharma gave financial support to the project. The authors are indebted to Dr. J. T. Green (of Cardiff and Vale Hospitals Trust) who referred patients, and to Professor G. T. Williams (GTW) who performed all histological assessments. | |||
===2004 [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004722.pub2/full Transdermal nicotine for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis]=== | |||
*Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers and patients who have quit smoking. Randomised controlled trials were therefore developed to test the hypothesis that nicotine patches can induce remission of a flare of ulcerative colitis. This review provides evidence that transdermal nicotine is superior to placebo (fake patch) for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.100 | |||
*Acknowledgements: Funding for the IBD/FBD Review Group (October 1, 2005 - September 30, 2010) has been provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Knowledge Translation Branch; the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH); and the CIHR Institutes of Health Services and Policy Research; Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis; Gender and Health; Human Development, Child and Youth Health; Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes; and Infection and Immunity. Miss Ila Stewart has provided support for the IBD/FBD Review Group through the Olive Stewart Fund. | |||
===1999 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014383/ Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis]=== | |||
*No withdrawal symptoms suggesting nicotine addiction have been reported either after 4–6 weeks of therapy in short-term studies, or after a period of up to 6 months in the only long-term study available | |||
*It can be concluded from these data that transdermal nicotine alone has limited efficacy in active ulcerative colitis and is ineffective as maintenance treatment. On the other hand, if administered in combination with mesalazine, nicotine is superior to placebo in promoting clinical remission of ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate degree, may represent an efficacious alternative to steroids in selected cases and, when effective, seems to exert a longer-lasting therapeutic effect than prednisone. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014383/pdf/bcp0048-0481.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Guslandi M. Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;48(4):481-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00039.x. PMID: 10583016; PMCID: PMC2014383. | |||
*Keywords: enemas, nicotine, transdermal patches, ulcerative colitis | |||
==Downs Syndrome== | ==Downs Syndrome== | ||
edits