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==Cancer / Cancer Treatments== | ==Cancer / Cancer Treatments== | ||
==Cognitive / IQ== | ==Cognitive / IQ== | ||
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]=== | |||
*Nicotine improves sustained attention and reduces distractor interference, promoting cognitive stability. Nicotine enhances response times without differential impact on task switching or distraction. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Stefan Ahrens, Christiane M. Thiel, Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study, Neuroscience, Volume 444, 2020, Pages 43-53, ISSN 0306-4522, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029. | |||
*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation DFG TH766/8-1. | |||
*Key words: nicotine, cholinergic, cognitive control, distraction, task switching, neuroimaging | |||
===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/ Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress]=== | |||
*Preclinical models and human studies have demonstrated that nicotine has cognitive-enhancing effects. Attention, working memory, fine motor skills and episodic memory functions are particularly sensitive to nicotine’s effects. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192. | |||
===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202 Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects]=== | |||
*Compared to placebo, nicotine and donepezil significantly improved, while alcohol significantly impaired overall flight performance. Both cholinergic drugs showed the largest effects on flight tasks requiring sustained visual attention. | |||
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Mumenthaler, M., Yesavage, J., Taylor, J. et al. Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects. Neuropsychopharmacol 28, 1366–1373 (2003). doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300202 | |||
*Acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by NIMH Grant 40041; NIA Grant AG17824; the Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC); the Alcohol Beverage Medical Research Foundation; the Swiss Foundation for Alcohol Research; the Swiss National Science Foundation; and the Medical Research Service of the Department of Veterans Affairs. | |||
*Keywords: cholinergic agents, ethanol, cognition, psychomotor performance, psychopharmacology, aerospace medicine | |||
===1994 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245346 Smoking and raven IQ]=== | |||
*Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests ([[Abbreviations|'''IQ''']]). | |||
*In this experiment we used the Raven [[Abbreviations|'''Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)''']] test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245346 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Stough, C., Mangan, G., Bates, T. et al. Smoking and raven IQ. Psychopharmacology 116, 382–384 (1994). doi: 10.1007/BF02245346 | |||
*Key words: Intelligence, APM, Nicotine, Smoking Cholinergic system | |||
===1992 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1579636/ Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer]=== | |||
*Nicotine improves attention in a wide variety of tasks in healthy volunteers. | |||
*Nicotine improves immediate and longer term memory in healthy volunteers. | |||
*Nicotine improves attention in patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease. | |||
*While some of the memory effects of nicotine may be due to enhanced attention, others seem to be the result of improved consolidation as shown by post-trial dosing. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0278-5846(92)90069-q PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Warburton DM. Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;16(2):181-91. doi: 10.1016/0278-5846(92)90069-q. PMID: 1579636. | |||
*Keywords: acetylcholine, Alzheimer's Disease, attention, cholinergic, memory, nicotine, scopolamine. | |||
==Digestive Tract / Bowel== | ==Digestive Tract / Bowel== | ||
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