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*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452. | *Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452. | ||
* | |||
='''VLNC - Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes'''= | |||
*WARNING! It is still smoking and has all the harms of smoking, even if less addictive. | |||
=== 2024: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38831538/ Perceptions of the Addictiveness of Low-Nicotine Cigarettes Versus Typical Cigarettes and Exposure to Tobacco Industry-Sponsored Corrective Campaign] === | |||
*'In the overall population, 4.1% reported that low-nicotine cigarettes were much more addictive than typical cigarettes, 67.5% said they were equally addictive, while 28.4% reported they were slightly/much less addictive." | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33982143/ Reactions to reduced nicotine content cigarettes in a sample of young adult, low-frequency smokers]=== | |||
*Reducing nicotine content will likely lower the abuse liability of cigarettes for most young, low-frequency smokers. Additional work is needed to determine if compensatory smoking may lead to increased toxicant exposure, and if a subset of individuals choosing lower nicotine cigarettes may continue to smoke regardless of nicotine content. | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33383351/ "I actually finally feel like the cigarettes aren't controlling me." - Interviews with participants smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes during a residential study]=== | |||
*Several participants expected, prior to trying VLNC cigarettes, to compensate for the reduced nicotine levels by smoking more cigarettes but were surprised when they did not increase their smoking. A subset of participants reported experiencing minor withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability and fatigue. Several participants reported feeling less dependent after exclusively smoking VLNC cigarettes. Most participants said they would smoke VLNC cigarettes if they were the only cigarettes available to purchase. Some also said that smoking VLNC cigarettes could help people taper down or quit smoking. | |||
===2020: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2771869 Changes in Cigarette Consumption With Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes Among Smokers With Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage]=== | |||
*These 3 randomized clinical trials including 775 participants with affective disorders, opioid use disorder, or socioeconomic disadvantage found that reducing nicotine content significantly decreased total cigarettes smoked daily and nicotine dependence severity. | |||
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520302516 Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers]=== | |||
*Ten pregnant smokers in Burlington, VT and Baltimore, MD participated in 2017–2018. | |||
*Reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may decrease their abuse liability in pregnant smokers without causing untoward craving/withdrawal or compensatory smoking. Studies of extended exposure to VLNCs in pregnant women are warranted. | |||
===2015: [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1502403 Randomized Trial of Reduced-Nicotine Standards for Cigarettes]=== | |||
*In this 6-week study, reduced-nicotine cigarettes versus standard-nicotine cigarettes reduced nicotine exposure and dependence and the number of cigarettes smoked. | |||
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