ENDS Youth & Young Adults: Difference between revisions
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=Suggested studies to add to this page= | =Suggested studies to add to this page= | ||
Effect on Adolescent Cognitive and Psychological Development | |||
"Educational achievement did not differ within twin pairs discordant for smoking, in adults and adolescents." | |||
Treur et al. "Smoking during adolescence as a risk factor for attention problems." (2015) Biol. psychiatry | |||
http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR-publicaties_2015/Treur_BP_2015.pdf | |||
“The (inverse) IQ–smoking association disappeared after adjustments for shared environment and genetics.” | |||
Wennerstad, Karin Modig, et al. "Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins." Social science & medicine | |||
https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf | |||
“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | |||
Corley et al. "Smoking, childhood IQ and cognitive function in old age." (2012) Journal of Psychosomatic Research (Table 2) | |||
https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf | |||
“The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | |||
Fluharty et al (2016). “The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research | |||
https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/19/1/3/2631686 | |||
While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 Surgeon General’s Report) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine: | |||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446/ | |||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24726984 | |||
Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | |||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766 | |||
http://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short | |||
Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | |||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 | |||