ENDS Adults Who Smoke: Difference between revisions

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==Flavors==

===2020: Intended and Unintended Effects of Banning Menthol Cigarettes===

===2020: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w26811 Paper: Intended and Unintended Effects of Banning Menthol Cigarettes]===

Menthol bans significantly increased non-menthol cigarette smoking among youths, resulting in no overall net change in youth smoking rates.

*Menthol bans significantly increased non-menthol cigarette smoking among youths, resulting in no overall net change in youth smoking rates.

Menthol bans shifted smokers’ cigarette purchases away from grocery stores and gas stations to First Nations reserves (where the menthol bans do not bind).

*Menthol bans shifted smokers’ cigarette purchases away from grocery stores and gas stations to First Nations reserves (where the menthol bans do not bind).

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.3386/w26811# PDF Full Paper]

===2020: Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation===

===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275248/ Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation]===

~~Relative to vaping tobacco flavors,~~ vaping nontobacco-flavored e-cigarettes ~~was not associated with increased youth~~ smoking ~~initiation but was associated with~~ an ~~increase in~~ the ~~odds~~ of ~~adult smoking cessation~~.

*Adults who began vaping nontobacco-flavored e-cigarettes were more likely to quit smoking than those who vaped tobacco flavors.

*Banning flavors altogether may be too blunt an instrument for the current problem (youth use of vapor products).

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826# PDF Version]

*Citation: Friedman, A. S., & Xu, S. (2020). Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation. JAMA Network Open, 3(6), e203826. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826

*Acknowledgment: : Ms Xu was supported by a T32 National Research Service Award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS017589).

===2020: Association of vaping‐related lung injuries with rates of e‐cigarette and cannabis use across US states===

===2020: [https://sci-hub.st/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15235# Association of vaping‐related lung injuries with rates of e‐cigarette and cannabis use across US states]===

~~At the same time, policymakers~~ should proceed with caution when considering bans on flavored e‐liquids: restricting legal sales may push some vapers towards illicit sources, user‐modified e‐liquids (e.g. to add flavoring) or even conventional cigarette use. Given EVALI’s potential lethality and a myriad of work suggesting that conventional cigarette use is probably far more dangerous than vaping nicotine, these outcomes could be disastrous for public health.

*'''Policymakers should proceed with caution when considering bans on flavored nicotine e‐liquids''': restricting legal sales may push some vapers towards illicit sources, user‐modified e‐liquids (e.g. to add flavoring) or even conventional cigarette use. Given EVALI’s potential lethality and a myriad of work suggesting that conventional cigarette use is probably far more dangerous than vaping nicotine, these outcomes could be disastrous for public health. There is no link between nicotine liquids and EVALI. It appears to have come from illicit cannabis products.

*Link above it to the PDF version

*Citation: Friedman, A. S. (2020). Association of Vaping‐related Lung Injuries with Rates of E‐cigarette and Cannabis Use across US States. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.15235

*Acknowledgement: Research reported in this publication was supported by grant number 3U54DA036151‐08S2 from the National Institute On Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health and FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP).

===2020: Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers===

===2020: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8 Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers]===

~~Most attempts at smoking cessation result in relapse, and smokers generally make multiple quit attempts before succeeding.~~

*Qualitative research suggests e-cigarettes can meet many of the needs of ex-smokers by substituting physical, psychological, social, cultural and identity-related aspects of tobacco addiction.

Qualitative research suggests e-cigarettes can meet many of the needs of ex-smokers by substituting physical, psychological, social, cultural and identity-related aspects of tobacco addiction.

*According to a time-series analysis of data from the Smoking Toolkit study, in which repeated cross-sectional surveys are conducted with a representative sample of households in England, increasing prevalence of e-cigarette use in current smokers was predictive of higher success rates of quit attempts.

According to a time-series analysis of data from the Smoking Toolkit study, in which repeated cross-sectional surveys are conducted with a representative sample of households in England, increasing prevalence of e-cigarette use in current smokers was predictive of higher success rates of quit attempts.

*Most participants were self-reported long-term abstinent smokers (86.3%).

Most participants were self-reported long-term abstinent smokers (86.3%).

*Those who start on a low self-reported nicotine e-liquid concentration (strength) will be more likely to relapse to tobacco smoking than those starting on a higher nicotine e-liquid, after controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD) before cessation.

Those who start on a low self-reported nicotine e-liquid concentration (strength) will be more likely to relapse to tobacco smoking than those starting on a higher nicotine e-liquid, after controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD) before cessation.

*Results suggest a change in flavor choices over the course of vaping initiation and uptake. There was a reduction in the proportion of people using a tobacco flavor, and increase in the proportion using a fruit/sweet/food flavor, from initial to current flavor choice

Results suggest a change in flavor choices over the course of vaping initiation and uptake. There was a reduction in the proportion of people using a tobacco flavor, and increase in the proportion using a fruit/sweet/food flavor, from initial to current flavor choice

*According to the 2017 ASH-A survey, among current users, fruit flavors were the most popular.

According to the 2017 ASH-A survey, among current users, fruit flavors were the most popular.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8# PDF Version]

*Citation: Gentry, S.V., Ward, E., Dawkins, L. et al. Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers. Harm Reduct J 17, 70 (2020). doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8

*Acknowledgement: This research was funded by Cancer Research UK (CRUK), Grant Number C54889/A22732.

===2020: The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults===

===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853220300134 The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults]===

~~A sample of San Francisco residents aged 18–34 who previously used tobacco products were surveyed about their tobacco use both before and after the ban.~~

*Among the 18–24 age group, there was a significant increase in cigarette smoking.

Among the 18–24 age group, there was a significant increase in cigarette smoking.

*Cigarette smoking increased among 25–34 years old.

Cigarette smoking increased among 25–34 years old.

*Banning flavors in e-cigarettes can push some e-cigarette users to turn to cigarette smoking and could prompt some youth to initiate into smoking instead of e-cigarette use.

Banning flavors in e-cigarettes ~~would prompt e-cigarette use cessation but may also~~ push some e-cigarette users to turn to cigarette smoking and could prompt some youth to initiate into smoking instead of e-cigarette use.

*The proportions of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars obtained over the internet increased after the ban, and the proportions obtained from retailers outside of San Francisco also increased overall.

The proportions of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars obtained over the internet increased after the ban, and the proportions obtained from retailers outside of San Francisco also increased overall.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100273 PDF Version]

*Citation: Yang, Y., Lindblom, E. N., Salloum, R. G., & Ward, K. D. (2020). The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100273. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100273

*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (R03DA048460).

===2019: Changes in Flavor Preference in a Cohort of Long-Term Electronic Cigarette Users===

===2019: [https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC Changes in Flavor Preference in a Cohort of Long-Term Electronic Cigarette Users]===

~~...or may reflect a user’s own experience that using non–tobacco-related flavors may constitute a flavor that they can happily use and make them less likely to return to cigarette smoking.~~

*Our results regarding anticipated reactions to FDA e-cigarette flavor regulation suggest complexities such that the benefits and risks of flavor ban need to be carefully evaluated.

Our results regarding anticipated reactions to FDA e-cigarette flavor regulation suggest complexities such that the benefits and risks of flavor ban need to be carefully evaluated.

*A majority anticipated that they would personally attempt to circumvent potential FDA regulations of e-cigarettes by obtaining e-cigarette flavors from various illicit sources (e.g., Internet orders from foreign countries) or even self-making flavors.

~~However, a~~ majority anticipated that they would personally attempt to circumvent potential FDA regulations of e-cigarettes by obtaining e-cigarette flavors from various illicit sources (e.g., Internet orders from foreign countries) or even self-making flavors.

*The use of flavoring agents purchased from unregulated sources could lead to additional unanticipated toxicities.

The use of flavoring agents purchased from unregulated sources could lead to additional unanticipated toxicities.

*It is also concerning that some established e-cigarette users believed that they would return to cigarette smoking if nontobacco e-cigarette flavors were banned. Thus, for adult e-cigarette users who use certain flavors to facilitate smoking cessation or reduction, banning all nontobacco flavors could precipitate relapse to smoking.

It is also concerning that some established e-cigarette users believed that they would return to cigarette smoking if nontobacco e-cigarette flavors were banned. Thus, for adult e-cigarette users who use certain flavors to facilitate smoking cessation or reduction, banning all nontobacco flavors could precipitate relapse to smoking.

*[https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: Supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (P50-DA-036107) for the Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science.

===2019: The role of flavors in vaping initiation and satisfaction among U.S. adults===

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At the time of participation, most commonly used flavours were fruits, followed by sweets.

Most participants (68.3%) were switching between flavours on a daily basis or within the day, with former smokers switching more frequently. More than half of the study sample mentioned that they like the variety of flavours and that the taste gets blunt from long-term use of the same flavour. The average score for importance of flavours variability in reducing or quitting smoking was 4 (“very important”). Finally, the majority of participants stated that restricting variability of flavours would make the EC experience less enjoyable while almost half of them answered that it would increase craving for tobacco cigarettes and would make reducing or completely substituting smoking less likely.

The results of this survey indicate that EC liquid flavourings play a major role in the overall experience of dedicated users and support the hypothesis that they are important contributors in reducing or eliminating smoking consumption.

==Nicotine Levels==

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 ==Flavors==
-===2020: Intended and Unintended Effects of Banning Menthol Cigarettes===
+===2020: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w26811 Paper: Intended and Unintended Effects of Banning Menthol Cigarettes]===
-Menthol bans significantly increased non-menthol cigarette smoking among youths, resulting in no overall net change in youth smoking rates.
+*Menthol bans significantly increased non-menthol cigarette smoking among youths, resulting in no overall net change in youth smoking rates.
-Menthol bans shifted smokers’ cigarette purchases away from grocery stores and gas stations to First Nations reserves (where the menthol bans do not bind).
+*Menthol bans shifted smokers’ cigarette purchases away from grocery stores and gas stations to First Nations reserves (where the menthol bans do not bind).
+*[https://sci-hub.st/10.3386/w26811# PDF Full Paper]
-===2020: Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation===
+===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275248/ Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation]===
-Relative to vaping tobacco flavors, vaping nontobacco-flavored e-cigarettes was not associated with increased youth smoking initiation but was associated with an increase in the odds of adult smoking cessation.
+*Adults who began vaping nontobacco-flavored e-cigarettes were more likely to quit smoking than those who vaped tobacco flavors.
+*Banning flavors altogether may be too blunt an instrument for the current problem (youth use of vapor products).
+*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826# PDF Version]
+*Citation: Friedman, A. S., & Xu, S. (2020). Associations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation. JAMA Network Open, 3(6), e203826. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826
+*Acknowledgment: : Ms Xu was supported by a T32 National Research Service Award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS017589).
-===2020: Association of vaping‐related lung injuries with rates of e‐cigarette and cannabis use across US states===
+===2020: [https://sci-hub.st/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15235# Association of vaping‐related lung injuries with rates of e‐cigarette and cannabis use across US states]===
-At the same time, policymakers should proceed with caution when considering bans on flavored e‐liquids: restricting legal sales may push some vapers towards illicit sources, user‐modified e‐liquids (e.g. to add flavoring) or even conventional cigarette use. Given EVALI’s potential lethality and a myriad of work suggesting that conventional cigarette use is probably far more dangerous than vaping nicotine, these outcomes could be disastrous for public health.
+*'''Policymakers should proceed with caution when considering bans on flavored nicotine e‐liquids''': restricting legal sales may push some vapers towards illicit sources, user‐modified e‐liquids (e.g. to add flavoring) or even conventional cigarette use. Given EVALI’s potential lethality and a myriad of work suggesting that conventional cigarette use is probably far more dangerous than vaping nicotine, these outcomes could be disastrous for public health. There is no link between nicotine liquids and EVALI. It appears to have come from illicit cannabis products.
+*Link above it to the PDF version
+*Citation: Friedman, A. S. (2020). Association of Vaping‐related Lung Injuries with Rates of E‐cigarette and Cannabis Use across US States. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.15235
+*Acknowledgement: Research reported in this publication was supported by grant number 3U54DA036151‐08S2 from the National Institute On Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health and FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP).
-===2020: Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers===
+===2020: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8 Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers]===
-Most attempts at smoking cessation result in relapse, and smokers generally make multiple quit attempts before succeeding.
+*Qualitative research suggests e-cigarettes can meet many of the needs of ex-smokers by substituting physical, psychological, social, cultural and identity-related aspects of tobacco addiction.
-Qualitative research suggests e-cigarettes can meet many of the needs of ex-smokers by substituting physical, psychological, social, cultural and identity-related aspects of tobacco addiction.
+*According to a time-series analysis of data from the Smoking Toolkit study, in which repeated cross-sectional surveys are conducted with a representative sample of households in England, increasing prevalence of e-cigarette use in current smokers was predictive of higher success rates of quit attempts.
-According to a time-series analysis of data from the Smoking Toolkit study, in which repeated cross-sectional surveys are conducted with a representative sample of households in England, increasing prevalence of e-cigarette use in current smokers was predictive of higher success rates of quit attempts.
+*Most participants were self-reported long-term abstinent smokers (86.3%).
-Most participants were self-reported long-term abstinent smokers (86.3%).
+*Those who start on a low self-reported nicotine e-liquid concentration (strength) will be more likely to relapse to tobacco smoking than those starting on a higher nicotine e-liquid, after controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD) before cessation.
-Those who start on a low self-reported nicotine e-liquid concentration (strength) will be more likely to relapse to tobacco smoking than those starting on a higher nicotine e-liquid, after controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD) before cessation.
+*Results suggest a change in flavor choices over the course of vaping initiation and uptake. There was a reduction in the proportion of people using a tobacco flavor, and increase in the proportion using a fruit/sweet/food flavor, from initial to current flavor choice
-Results suggest a change in flavor choices over the course of vaping initiation and uptake. There was a reduction in the proportion of people using a tobacco flavor, and increase in the proportion using a fruit/sweet/food flavor, from initial to current flavor choice
+*According to the 2017 ASH-A survey, among current users, fruit flavors were the most popular.
-According to the 2017 ASH-A survey, among current users, fruit flavors were the most popular.
+*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8# PDF Version]
+*Citation: Gentry, S.V., Ward, E., Dawkins, L. et al. Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers. Harm Reduct J 17, 70 (2020). doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8
+*Acknowledgement: This research was funded by Cancer Research UK (CRUK), Grant Number C54889/A22732.
-===2020: The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults===
+===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853220300134 The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults]===
-A sample of San Francisco residents aged 18–34 who previously used tobacco products were surveyed about their tobacco use both before and after the ban.
+*Among the 18–24 age group, there was a significant increase in cigarette smoking.
-Among the 18–24 age group, there was a significant increase in cigarette smoking.
+*Cigarette smoking increased among 25–34 years old.
-Cigarette smoking increased among 25–34 years old.
+*Banning flavors in e-cigarettes can push some e-cigarette users to turn to cigarette smoking and could prompt some youth to initiate into smoking instead of e-cigarette use.
-Banning flavors in e-cigarettes would prompt e-cigarette use cessation but may also push some e-cigarette users to turn to cigarette smoking and could prompt some youth to initiate into smoking instead of e-cigarette use.
+*The proportions of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars obtained over the internet increased after the ban, and the proportions obtained from retailers outside of San Francisco also increased overall.
-The proportions of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars obtained over the internet increased after the ban, and the proportions obtained from retailers outside of San Francisco also increased overall.
+*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100273 PDF Version]
+*Citation: Yang, Y., Lindblom, E. N., Salloum, R. G., & Ward, K. D. (2020). The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100273. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100273
+*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (R03DA048460).
-===2019:  Changes in Flavor Preference in a Cohort of Long-Term Electronic Cigarette Users===
+===2019:  [https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC Changes in Flavor Preference in a Cohort of Long-Term Electronic Cigarette Users]===
-...or may reflect a user’s own experience that using non–tobacco-related flavors may constitute a flavor that they can happily use and make them less likely to return to cigarette smoking.
+*Our results regarding anticipated reactions to FDA e-cigarette flavor regulation suggest complexities such that the benefits and risks of flavor ban need to be carefully evaluated.
-Our results regarding anticipated reactions to FDA e-cigarette flavor regulation suggest complexities such that the benefits and risks of flavor ban need to be carefully evaluated.
+*A majority anticipated that they would personally attempt to circumvent potential FDA regulations of e-cigarettes by obtaining e-cigarette flavors from various illicit sources (e.g., Internet orders from foreign countries) or even self-making flavors.
-However, a majority anticipated that they would personally attempt to circumvent potential FDA regulations of e-cigarettes by obtaining e-cigarette flavors from various illicit sources (e.g., Internet orders from foreign countries) or even self-making flavors.
+*The use of flavoring agents purchased from unregulated sources could lead to additional unanticipated toxicities.
-The use of flavoring agents purchased from unregulated sources could lead to additional unanticipated toxicities.
+*It is also concerning that some established e-cigarette users believed that they would return to cigarette smoking if nontobacco e-cigarette flavors were banned. Thus, for adult e-cigarette users who use certain flavors to facilitate smoking cessation or reduction, banning all nontobacco flavors could precipitate relapse to smoking.
-It is also concerning that some established e-cigarette users believed that they would return to cigarette smoking if nontobacco e-cigarette flavors were banned. Thus, for adult e-cigarette users who use certain flavors to facilitate smoking cessation or reduction, banning all nontobacco flavors could precipitate relapse to smoking.
+*[https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC PDF Version]
+*Citation: Ann Am Thorac Soc Vol 17, No 5, pp 573–581, May 2020, Copyright © 2020 by the American Thoracic Society, DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC
+*Acknowledgement: Supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (P50-DA-036107) for the Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science.
 ===2019: The role of flavors in vaping initiation and satisfaction among U.S. adults===
@@ Line 136: / Line 151: @@
 At the time of participation, most commonly used flavours were fruits, followed by sweets.
 Most participants (68.3%) were switching between flavours on a daily basis or within the day, with former smokers switching more frequently. More than half of the study sample mentioned that they like the variety of flavours and that the taste gets blunt from long-term use of the same flavour. The average score for importance of flavours variability in reducing or quitting smoking was 4 (“very important”). Finally, the majority of participants stated that restricting variability of flavours would make the EC experience less enjoyable while almost half of them answered that it would increase craving for tobacco cigarettes and would make reducing or completely substituting smoking less likely.
 The results of this survey indicate that EC liquid flavourings play a major role in the overall experience of dedicated users and support the hypothesis that they are important contributors in reducing or eliminating smoking consumption.
 ==Nicotine Levels==