WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Difference between revisions

Safer nicotine wiki Tobacco Harm Reduction
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 2: Line 2:


=Overview=
=Overview=
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is the first treaty negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization. The WHO FCTC is an evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health. The WHO FCTC represents a paradigm shift in developing a regulatory strategy to address addictive substances; in contrast to previous drug control treaties, the WHO FCTC asserts the importance of demand reduction strategies as well as supply issues.
The<span></span>'''World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control'''<span></span>('''WHO FCTC''') is a<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty treaty]<span></span>adopted by the 56th<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Assembly World Health Assembly]<span></span>held in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-who-fctc_1-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-who-fctc-1 [1]]</sup><span></span>It became the first<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization World Health Organization]<span></span>treaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-ajil_2-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-ajil-2 [2]]</sup><span></span>The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-who-fctc-p_3-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-who-fctc-p-3 [3]]</sup><span></span>It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 181<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratifying ratifying]<span></span>countries.<sup id="cite_ref-who-fctc-p_3-1" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-who-fctc-p-3 [3]]</sup><span></span>There are currently 15<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_states United Nations member states]<span></span>that are non-parties to the treaty (nine which have not signed and six of which have signed but not ratified).<sup id="cite_ref-who-fctc-np_4-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-who-fctc-np-4 [4]]</sup>The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history,<sup id="cite_ref-Nikogosian,_Haik_2010_5-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-Nikogosian,_Haik_2010-5 [5]]</sup><span></span>is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoke tobacco smoke]" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-who-fctc_1-1" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-who-fctc-1 [1]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandt,_Allan_M_2007_6-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-Brandt,_Allan_M_2007-6 [6]]</sup><span></span>To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt,_Allan_M_2007_6-1" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-Brandt,_Allan_M_2007-6 [6]]</sup>The FCTC represents a watershed moment for international<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health public health]; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic,<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-communicable_disease non-communicable disease].The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another."<sup id="cite_ref-MamuduStudlar2009_7-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-MamuduStudlar2009-7 [7]]</sup><span></span>Worldwide<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_control tobacco control]<span></span>set a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity.The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-8 [8]]</sup><span></span>Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of follow-on global health treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control#cite_note-9 [9]]</sup>[https://www.clivebates.com/who-tobacco-meeting-could-the-fctc-do-something-useful-on-vaping/ The FCTC would best serve public health by doing some or all of the following:]


The WHO FCTC was developed in response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic. The spread of the tobacco epidemic is facilitated through a variety of complex factors with cross-border effects, including trade liberalization and direct foreign investment. Other factors such as global marketing, transnational tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and the international movement of contraband and counterfeit cigarettes have also contributed to the explosive increase in tobacco use.
* '''Recognise the opportunity, not just a threat'''. <ref name="Clive Bates">https://www.clivebates.com/who-tobacco-meeting-could-the-fctc-do-something-useful-on-vaping/</ref>
 
The core demand reduction provisions in the WHO FCTC are contained in articles 6-14:
 
• Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco, and
 
• Non-price measures to reduce the demand for tobacco, namely:
 
* Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke;
*Regulation of the contents of tobacco products;
*Regulation of tobacco product disclosures;
*Packaging and labelling of tobacco products;
*Education, communication, training and public awareness;
*Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and,
*Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation.
 
The core supply reduction provisions in the WHO FCTC are contained in articles 15-17:
 
* Illicit trade in tobacco products;
*Sales to and by minors; and,
*Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities.
 
The WHO FCTC opened for signature on 16 June to 22 June 2003 in Geneva, and thereafter at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the Depositary of the treaty, from 30 June 2003 to 29 June 2004. The treaty, which is now closed for signature, has 168 Signatories, including the European Community, which makes it one of the most widely embraced treaties in UN history. Member States that have signed the Convention indicate that they will strive in good faith to ratify, accept, or approve it, and show political commitment not to undermine the objectives set out in it. Countries wishing to become a Party, but that did not sign the Convention by 29 June 2004, may do so by means of accession, which is a one-step process equivalent to ratification.
 
The Convention entered into force on 27 February 2005 - 90 days after it had been acceded to, ratified, accepted, or approved by 40 States.
 
 
=Options for WHO FCTC involvement in ENDS to be positive for global public health=
 
[https://www.clivebates.com/who-tobacco-meeting-could-the-fctc-do-something-useful-on-vaping/ The FCTC would best serve public health by doing some or all of the following:]
 
*'''Recognise the opportunity, not just a threat'''. <ref name="Clive Bates">https://www.clivebates.com/who-tobacco-meeting-could-the-fctc-do-something-useful-on-vaping/</ref>
** ENDS do not pose a threat to tobacco control but a huge opertunity.  
** ENDS do not pose a threat to tobacco control but a huge opertunity.  


*'''Call for more research and of higher quality'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>  
* '''Call for more research and of higher quality'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>  
**Research to date is lacking in both quality and quantity  
** Research to date is lacking in both quality and quantity  


*'''Make more of TobReg for scientific assessment'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Make more of TobReg for scientific assessment'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Refashion the surveillance system to reflect changes in the nicotine market.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Refashion the surveillance system to reflect changes in the nicotine market.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Track and summarise the evolving policy environment'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Track and summarise the evolving policy environment'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Promote high quality regulation and standard-setting by Parties'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Promote high quality regulation and standard-setting by Parties'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Focus on the relationship between the state and citizen'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Focus on the relationship between the state and citizen'''. <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Improve the tone and be more inclusive'''.  <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Improve the tone and be more inclusive'''.  <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Reframe the UN/WHA non-communicable disease targets.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Reframe the UN/WHA non-communicable disease targets.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Reshape the FCTC to recognise the range of risk within tobacco products.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Reshape the FCTC to recognise the range of risk within tobacco products.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Let FCTC Parties learn from ENDS and other harm reduction policies before bringing into the FCTC'''.  <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Let FCTC Parties learn from ENDS and other harm reduction policies before bringing into the FCTC'''.  <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
*'''Focus on obligation to ‘do no harm’ and the dangers of unintended consequences.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>
* '''Focus on obligation to ‘do no harm’ and the dangers of unintended consequences.''' <ref name="Clive Bates"></ref>

Revision as of 13:56, 14 December 2020

Overview

TheWorld Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(WHO FCTC) is atreatyadopted by the 56thWorld Health Assemblyheld in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003.[1]It became the firstWorld Health Organizationtreaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution.[2]The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005.[3]It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 181ratifyingcountries.[3]There are currently 15United Nations member statesthat are non-parties to the treaty (nine which have not signed and six of which have signed but not ratified).[4]The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history,[5]is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure totobacco smoke" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide.[1][6]To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be.[6]The FCTC represents a watershed moment for internationalpublic health; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic,non-communicable disease.The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another."[7]Worldwidetobacco controlset a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity.The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact.[8]Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of follow-on global health treaties.[9]The FCTC would best serve public health by doing some or all of the following:

  • Recognise the opportunity, not just a threat. [1]
    • ENDS do not pose a threat to tobacco control but a huge opertunity.
  • Call for more research and of higher quality. [1]
    • Research to date is lacking in both quality and quantity
  • Make more of TobReg for scientific assessment. [1]
  • Refashion the surveillance system to reflect changes in the nicotine market. [1]
  • Track and summarise the evolving policy environment. [1]
  • Promote high quality regulation and standard-setting by Parties. [1]
  • Focus on the relationship between the state and citizen. [1]
  • Improve the tone and be more inclusive. [1]
  • Reframe the UN/WHA non-communicable disease targets. [1]
  • Reshape the FCTC to recognise the range of risk within tobacco products. [1]
  • Let FCTC Parties learn from ENDS and other harm reduction policies before bringing into the FCTC. [1]
  • Focus on obligation to ‘do no harm’ and the dangers of unintended consequences. [1]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l https://www.clivebates.com/who-tobacco-meeting-could-the-fctc-do-something-useful-on-vaping/
Retrieved from ‘https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php?title=WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control&oldid=3104’