Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

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'''Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies'''

*Sometimes it's necessary to view the PDF version to access the full study.

*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).

*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]

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*These findings are concordant with our previous results and provide evidence that menthol Vuse Solo ECs have abuse liability that is lower than menthol cigarettes and potentially greater than that of nicotine gum.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x PDF Version]

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*We also note that although any nicotine-containing product has the potential to be addicting, based on the available evidence, currently marketed OTC NRT products do not appear to have significant potential for abuse or dependence. A 2010 review of historical reports made to the Agency's Adverse Event Reporting System and to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Drug Abuse Warning Network between 1984 and 2009 suggested that NRT products have a low potential for abuse. Several published studies have also found that the abuse liability and dependence potential of NRT products is low, especially compared to cigarettes.

*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-04-02/pdf/2013-07528.pdf PDF Version]

   

*More recently, it has been found that, although nicotine is the most important addictive component of tobacco smoke, it is probably not the only substance involved in the development of tobacco dependence. In light of what is now known about what determines cigarette smoking, it seems timely to propose a renaming of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)''']] to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD).

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntr137 PDF Version]

*Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2 PDF Version]

*Mint-flavored nicotine gum was rated as more palatable than the original nicotine gum, but the improvement in flavor did not increase abuse liability in adults (22 – 50 years old) or young adults (18 –21 years old).  

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version]

*Animal Study

*The overall results indicate that nicotine and modafinil co-administration rescued brain from MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. We suggest that nicotine and modafinil combination therapy could be considered as a possible treatment to reduce the neurological disorders induced by MDMA. (Note: AKA ecstasy)

*Animal Study

*Taken together, these results demonstrate that nicotine prevents memory deficits and synaptic impairment induced by Aβ oligomers. In addition, nicotine improves memory in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice before extensive amyloid deposition and senile plaque development, and also in old mice where senile plaques have already formed.

*The secondary outcome measures showed significant nicotine-associated improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed, and improvements were seen in patient/informant ratings of cognitive impairment.  

*Safety and tolerability for transdermal nicotine were excellent.  

*Recent advances in nicotine research have pointed to a number of cognitive and neurological benefits that have been linked to the ingestion of nicotine.

*This article examines cognitive decline in the elderly and looks at nicotine's potential role in ameliorating this decline.

*Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects.

*Acute nicotine administration can improve performance of patients with AD on cognitive tasks, including verbal learning and memory, attention in a continuous performance task, and accuracy in a visual attention task.

*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Alzheimer's disease (AD)''']].

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*Nicotine significantly improved sustained visual attention (in both RVIP and DRMLO tasks), reaction time (in both FT and RVIP tasks), and perception (CFF task--both ascending and descending thresholds).  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02247426 PDF Version]

* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in enhancement of performance, and protection against  Alzheimer's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]

*Nicotine in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) produced a significant and marked improvement in discriminative sensitivity and reaction times on a computerised test of attention and information processing. Nicotine also improved the ability of DAT patients to detect a flickering light in a critical flicker fusion test. These results suggest that nicotine may be acting on cortical mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention, and support the hypothesis that acetylcholine transmission modulates vigilance and discrimination. Nicotine may therefore be of some value in treating deficits in attention and information processing in DAT patients.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1192/bjp.154.6.797 PDF Version]

*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials.

*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/?report=printablePrintable Version

*In addition, nicotine or its metabolites can result in decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1 and 6, and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Consequently, there is reduced susceptibility to RAS due to immunosuppression and/or reduction in inflammatory response.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006 PDF Version]

*NOTE: Safer Nicotine Wiki does NOT endorse smoking for any potential therapeutic benefits. Smoking has too many severe consequences. Studies showing that less people who smoke end up with a specific ailment are included to show the potential benefits of the nicotine.

* This study shows that a group of RAS patients is significantly less likely to contain smokers than a matched control population, and among smokers the level of cigarette use was significantly lower in RAS patients than the control population. The perceived negative association between RAS and smoking was supported by this epidemiological study.

*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section)

*The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotine, in the form of Nicorette tablets, on aphthous ulcers in non-smoking patients. This preliminary trial shows that nicotine may have a beneficial effect on aphthous ulcers.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x PDF Version]

*The present study evaluated acute effects of oral nicotine treatment on three auditory tasks in young adult and elderly, healthy, non-smoking individuals. All had normal hearing within the frequency range of the stimuli presented for the three tasks. Compared to pre-treatment performance, nicotine improved frequency discrimination. Compared to placebo, nicotine produced no overall effects on the two frequency related tasks, but significantly improved intensity discrimination, with more improvement obtained for those who had lower baseline performance. The present results support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances auditory processing, but this enhancement is task-dependent.

*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92588-z.pdf PDF Version]

*Nicotine improves auditory performance in difficult listening situations. The present results support future investigation of nicotine effects in clinical populations with auditory processing deficits or reduced cholinergic activation.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-019-05421-x PDF Version]

*Taken together, our study provides evidence for the feasibility and tolerability of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine (TN/TNP)''']] in a small sample of adults with severe [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)''']] symptoms and pathological chronic aggression and irritability.  

*Our results also suggest that TN may have a beneficial effect on aggression, irritability, and sleep in ASD, though the sample size of this study is too small to make definitive conclusions.  

*In this report, we describe five ex-smoker [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''BD''']] patients with active mucocutaneous lesions, not responsive to standard pharmacological treatments and treated with transdermal nicotine patches. Four out of five patients quickly responded to nicotine-patch therapy and experienced a complete regression of all mucocutaneous lesions within 6 months of observation.

*[https://watermark.silverchair.com/kep401.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArcwggKzBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKkMIICoAIBADCCApkGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMAxCHkIQW0BFNu-FbAgEQgIICarldUGOUxaPUQkbU6YWe72wo69i1_IkEjyR5K6ERQb_gEQIwrTl4csqOYUVdLT406p-qMSTS_7zLpVQHWPuJdgRBAfqcybz6DgCy2zqQ5ZosdDgmsw2rhZAzirypCBjNhbMkN7Xkyuzxb5_UBH2oxojOfjOcQnIq2D_0Tvsy5sM69ZomduO1XA9Lc70YNFKCmnXnQNzGDRqHBAGMuu-zgS3TQQOpDGk-5m0zT5i6cuY4jB7MVXhrRYr15XXX5AXbLqbHg9fiHp-qdoZbpD2Xu0Xn5tjlebzDQNOn_kbqPsJLtKXAjLMmtm4zd5VB0nXBqbS-ForIVHIjVDQfOduAnUrfr8mOsLhdwzPl6OV3185qmvVdkZXK_bpp2Xi_xSZrZluc2jZDeITdcrcx7r1pXdtQsxPQvRVP2GaSyFRX1glvIAqfqSnLm6oljfeAR2upPGUoMdDIQimCmjA0nhOdaIyygLJEAFKFpBwZ3jwy0FPtV3rSfjLOhm17_Dx-4BFxNMe1pU9HvnX4_L2EIZND4oAyXZssuI8U8u6DmhIbsj8BeWym5VNIi0yGEVY1I1v48YVnXxLOIMJDpENlFNf0_pNf9BLMuSrk_rPH42Ynok8BJaxD6q0BteLB24hVzQE93HAZzYt6trVdVU2gIRXVTNd47j-w0F8gWnZhOaeAee2uqUjFy5Fb5apSF4LCbxZgc-YX00eats2HuRVBmctlEuoQH28tJIdQ0m_NV7R6l8HqoAOvXvmFUAcEnuKEZ00vm1a6cU6mKwohpZwqt8tBcUCSDTjBM-_4k3b6hCK_kDItfxtcGkG9HkxxzA PDF Version]

*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section)

*Several studies have shown that nicotine treatment can attenuate cognitive deficits produced by medial septal lesions, lesions of the nucleus basalis, and traumatic brain injury.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1196/annals.1332.019 PDF Version]

*Nicotine inhibits ovarian cancer cell ERK and p38 [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''MAPK''']] signaling.

*Nicotine inhibits ovarian cancer proliferation and spheroid invasion.

*Nicotine significantly reduced antiviral-dependent alterations of the nociceptive threshold.  

*Moreover, nicotine decreased neuropathic pain induced by repeated intraperitoneal administration of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg), lowering the hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli.  

*The findings provide the first evidence that [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|NP (Nicotine Patch)]] may be able to attenuate NA (negative affect) - related withdrawal symptoms in individuals with cannabis use disorder who are not heavy users of tobacco or nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-020-05476-1 PDF Version]

*Nicotine improves sustained attention and reduces distractor interference, promoting cognitive stability. Nicotine enhances response times without differential impact on task switching or distraction.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029 PDF Version]

*Preclinical models and human studies have demonstrated that nicotine has cognitive-enhancing effects. Attention, working memory, fine motor skills and episodic memory functions are particularly sensitive to nicotine’s effects.  

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]

*The e-cigarette can reduce desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use.

*The nicotine content in this respect may be more important for males.

*Compared to placebo, nicotine and donepezil significantly improved, while alcohol significantly impaired overall flight performance. Both cholinergic drugs showed the largest effects on flight tasks requiring sustained visual attention.

*[https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202.pdf PDF Version]

*Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests ([[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''IQ''']]).

*In this experiment we used the Raven [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)''']] test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks.

*Nicotine improves attention in a wide variety of tasks in healthy volunteers.  

*Nicotine improves immediate and longer term memory in healthy volunteers.  

*Smoking has a detrimental effect in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Crohn's disease (CD)''']], but this may be due to factors in smoking other than nicotine. Given that transdermal nicotine benefits [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''ulcerative colitis (UC)''']], and there is a considerable overlap in the treatment of UC and CD, the possible beneficial effect of nicotine has been examined in patients with Crohn's colitis.

*In this relatively small study of patients with active Crohn's colitis, 6 mg nicotine enemas appeared to be of clinical benefit in most patients. They were well tolerated and safe.

*Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers and patients who have quit smoking. Randomised controlled trials were therefore developed to test the hypothesis that nicotine patches can induce remission of a flare of ulcerative colitis. This review provides evidence that transdermal nicotine is superior to placebo (fake patch) for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004722.pub2/full PDF Version]

*No withdrawal symptoms suggesting nicotine addiction have been reported either after 4–6 weeks of therapy in short-term studies, or after a period of up to 6 months in the only long-term study available

*It can be concluded from these data that transdermal nicotine alone has limited efficacy in active ulcerative colitis and is ineffective as maintenance treatment. On the other hand, if administered in combination with mesalazine, nicotine is superior to placebo in promoting clinical remission of ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate degree, may represent an efficacious alternative to steroids in selected cases and, when effective, seems to exert a longer-lasting therapeutic effect than prednisone.

*Nicotine is believed to be the pharmacological ingredient of tobacco that is responsible for this beneficial deterrent of UC and several clinical trials using nicotine have demonstrated it to be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Although the aetiology of ulcerative colitis is unclear, current research using nicotine-based products has produced some interesting clues, together with the possibility of some form of therapeutic treatment based on nicotine administration.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1136/pgmj.72.854.714 PDF Version]

*Nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against ulcerative colitis (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*We investigated the effect of nicotine-agonistic stimulation with 5 mg transdermal patches, compared with placebo, on cognitive performance in five adults with the disorder. Improvements possibly related to attention and information processing were seen for Down's syndrome patients compared with healthy controls. Our preliminary findings are encouraging, although not generalizable because of small numbers.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02848-8 PDF Version]

*Nicotine improved exercise endurance by 17 ± 7%, and in the absence of any effect on the usual peripheral markers, such as ventilation, heart rate and blood metabolites, we conclude that nicotine prolongs endurance by a central mechanism that may involve nicotinic receptor activation and/or altered activity of dopaminergic pathways.

*[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/expphysiol.2006.033373 PDF Version]

*[https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Information from NAMI]

*[https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/child-learning-disabilities/add-adhd/is-adhd-a-mental-illness Is ADHD a mental illness?]

*Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting approximately 8–9% of school-aged children and 4–5% of adults (Froehlich et al., 2007; Kessler et al., 2006; Visser et al., 2007). Although formally the disorder is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (APA, 2000), myriad phenotypic features—many of which are related to cognition broadly defined—have been shown to distinguish those with ADHD from those without the disorder.

*Together, these findings have led to the hypothesis that individuals with ADHD may smoke in order to alleviate requisite symptoms of the disorder and further suggest nicotine and/or nicotinic agonists can be used to improve aspects of cognitive function in these patients (McClernon and Kollins, 2008). Some support for this hypothesis has been provided by studies which have shown positive effects of nicotine on ADHD symptoms (Gehricke et al., 2009; Shytle et al., 2002) and cognitive performance (Levin et al., 1996; Potter and Newhouse, 2004) in non-smokers with ADHD. Whereas there are currently no FDA-approved nicotinic agonists to treat ADHD, laboratory and small-scale clinical trials have been conducted in recent years, and novel nicotinic pharmacotherapies are on the horizon.

*Nicotine reduced reports of ADHD symptoms by 8% and negative moods by 9%, independent of smoking status. In addition, nicotine increased cardiovascular activity during the first 3 to 6 hours after nicotine patch administration. The results support the self-medication hypothesis for nicotine in adults with ADHD and suggest that smoking cessation and prevention efforts for individuals with ADHD will need to address both the symptom reducing and mood enhancing effects of nicotine.

*Non-smoking young adults with ADHD-C showed improvements in cognitive performance following nicotine administration in several domains that are central to [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''ADHD''']].

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.014 PDF Version]

*The results showed nicotine-induced improvement on some measures of sustained attention in the low attention group and some decrement in working memory in the high attention group, which suggests that nicotine tends to optimize rather than improve performance on cognitive tasks.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.12.011 PDF Version]

*This study shows that, in addition to reducing attentional impairment, nicotine administered via transdermal patches can improve attentiveness in normal adult non-smokers.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s002130050750 PDF Version]

*Nicotine caused a significant overall nicotine-induced improvement on the CGI. This effect was significant when only the nonsmokers were considered, which indicated that it was not due merely to withdrawal relief. Nicotine caused significantly increased vigor as measured by the POMS test. Nicotine caused an overall significant reduction in reaction time (RT) on the CPT, as well as, with the smokers, a significant reduction in another index of inattention, variability in reaction time over trial blocks. Nicotine improved accuracy of time estimation and lowered variability of time-estimation response curves. Because improvements occurred among nonsmokers, the nicotine effect appears not to be merely a relief of withdrawal symptoms. It is concluded that nicotine deserves further clinical trials with ADHD.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02246281 PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Allen Frances, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Meidcal Center for his finanical support of the project. Work on this article was partially supported by Career Science Award (K05MH01229-03) to Dr. Conners and Research Scientist Development Award (K20MH00981-02) to Dr. March and a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research Schizophenia and Depression to Dr. Levin.

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*See Also: Mental Health - ADD/ADHD above

*Human and Animal Studies

*Clinical trials and case series report anti-aggressive effects of nicotine. Here we argue that the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChR''']] system, the molecular basis for the global public health problem of tobacco smoking, may also be a key target for modulation of aggressive behaviors. Future research should aim to clarify which forms of aggression are most strongly affected by nAChR modulation, identify the nAChR subtypes, circuits, and neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine action, and determine whether more selective nAChR-active agents can replicate or improve the serenic effects of nicotine, especially with chronic dosing. Given the prevalence of aggressive behaviors across neuropsychiatric disorders affecting the very young to the very old, these studies have the potential to have a significant impact on public health.

*Taken together, our study provides evidence for the feasibility and tolerability of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine (TN/TNP)''']] in a small sample of adults with severe [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)''']] symptoms and pathological chronic aggression and irritability.  

*Our results also suggest that TN may have a beneficial effect on aggression, irritability, and sleep in ASD, though the sample size of this study is too small to make definitive conclusions.  

'''Does nicotine help people with depression? Does nicotine cause depression?'''

*Depression symptoms predicted more rapid e-cigarette progression in adolescents.

*E-cigarette use was not associated with an escalation in depression symptoms.

*It is postulated that smokers are protected from the consequences of these changes, while they continue to smoke, by the antidepressant properties of nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00205-7 PDF Version]

*Nicotine improves cognitive performance in clinical and preclinical studies.

*Nicotine may also benefit depressive symptoms and depressive behavior.

*In [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''MDD''']], acute nicotine administration normalized both pathways to the level of healthy controls, while having no impact on healthy controls. These results indicate that nicotine normalizes dysfunctional cortico-striatal communication in unmedicated non-smokers with MDD.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x PDF Version]

*[[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|Late '''Life Depression (LLD)''']] is characterized by poor antidepressant response and cognitive dysfunction. Late life depression has no currently approved treatment that improves both its mood and cognitive symptoms.

*We observed robust response (86.7%) and remission rates (53.3%). There was a significant decrease in MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating scale) over the study, with improvement seen as early as three weeks. We also observed improvement in apathy and rumination. We did not observe improvement on the CPT (Conners Continuous Performance Test), but did observe improvement in subjective cognitive performance and signals of potential drug effects on secondary cognitive measures of working memory, episodic memory, and self-referential emotional processing.

*These findings suggest a role for nicotinic receptor systems in the pathophysiology of depression and that nicotinic compounds should be evaluated for treating depression symptoms.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y PDF Version]

*Acute administration of nicotine patches produced rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increases in non-smoking major depressed patients as well as clinical improvement in mood. Antidepressant effect was also observed after four continuous days of nicotine administration.

*Citation: Salin-Pascual RJ. Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients. Rev Invest Clin. 2002 Jan-Feb;54(1):36-40. PMID: 11995405.

*Animal Study

*Epidemiological studies indicate a high incidence of cigarette smoking among depressed individuals. Moreover, individuals with a history of depression have a much harder time giving up smoking. It has been postulated that smoking may reflect an attempt at self-medication with nicotine by these individuals.

*Transdermal nicotine patches increased REM sleep in normal volunteers and depressed patients during 4 days of continuous administration. In addition, a significant improvement of mood was observed in depressed patients. Nicotinic mechanisms may be involved in depression.  These findings suggest that nicotine receptor activation may be important in major depression and shows for the first time that nicotine patches may be useful in the treatment of depression.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/00001756-199801050-00012 PDF Version]

*A high frequency of cigarette smoking has been reported among individuals with major depression.

*Results of the visual analog scale and [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''HAM-D''']] showed a significant improvement in depression after the second day of nicotine patches.

*

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.791 PDF Version]

*The main finding of the present study was that nicotine patches induced an increase in REM sleep time in depressed patients without any other changes in sleep variables

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02246496 PDF Version]

*There is, then, no evidence in these data that the occurrence of MDD in persons with a prior history of nicotine dependence might have been caused directly by recent persistent smoking.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130033006 PDF Version]

* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: (1) positive reinforcement, (2) negative reinforcement (mood normalization) (other issues and diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]

*Smokers with PTSD report greater NA (Negative Affects) immediately prior to smoking and greater decreases in NA following smoking, and these findings are consistent with the observed patterns of brain activation in the current study. Thus, our findings provide a neurobiological basis that helps explain why individuals with PTSD are at greater risk of smoking and also experience greater difficulty quitting. The present study is not without its limitations. Our sample size was small and was predominately represented by female smokers.

*[https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aps/2012/265724.pdf PDF Version]

*A high strength nicotine e-cigarette has the potential to help people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders to quit or reduce smoking. Further research with a larger sample and a comparator group is needed.  

*[https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-pdf/23/7/1113/38521536/ntab005.pdf PDF Version]

*Cognitive and early sensory alterations are core features of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia '''schizophrenia''']. A single dose of nicotine can improve those features in patients. Attention domain is the most responsive to nicotine in patients. Effects vary upon type of neuropsychological assessment and nicotine intake condition.

*[https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.035 PDF Version]

*The principal reason for the markedly increased rate of cigarette smoking in people with schizophrenia: tobacco cigarette smoking represents an attempt at self-medication in schizophrenia, because the additional nicotine so provided alleviates the hypofunctional sensory gating seen in this illness.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.017 PDF Version]

*Animal Study

*Several [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChR''']] subtypes appear to be involved in these beneficial effects of nicotine and nAChR drugs including α4β2*, α6β2* and α7 nAChRs (the asterisk indicates the possible presence of other subunits in the receptor). Overall, the above findings, coupled with nicotine's neuroprotective effects, suggest that nAChR drugs have potential for future drug development for movement disorders.

*Animal Study

* This study provides evidence that nicotine alters the infiltration of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils into the CNS of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE''']] mice via multiple [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChRs''']], including the α7 and α9 subtypes. Nicotine appears to achieve these effects by inhibiting the expression of CCL2 and CXCL2, two cytokines involved in the chemotaxis of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, respectively. The use of ligands that are selective for one or both of these nAChR subtypes may offer a beneficial clinical outcome, and thus provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS.

*Animal Study

*Our results show that nicotine reduces the severity of EAE, as shown by reduced demyelination, increased body weight, and attenuated microglial activation. Nicotine administration after the development of EAE symptoms prevented further disease exacerbation, suggesting that it might be useful as an [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE/MS''']] therapeutic. In contrast, the remaining components of cigarette smoke, delivered as cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), accelerated and increased adverse clinical symptoms during the early stages of EAE.

*Animal Study

*Due to the proven therapeutic effect of nicotine on AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) and PD (Parkinson’s Disease), we decided to study the role of nicotine in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE''']] as an animal model of MS. Our treatment group showed less inflammation in histopathological evaluation along with myelin sheet protection. Moreover, prevention group showed less inflammation compared with treatment group. Thus, nicotine might be recommended as a promising drug for [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|MS]] therapy.

*Nicotine may ameliorate OC symptoms in severe, treatment-refractory [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''OCD''']] patients. Although encouraging, these initial positive effects should be tested in large controlled studies.

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528475/pdf/12991_2020_Article_309.pdf PDF Version]

*The positive findings in the present study in surgeries performed under local anaesthesia are in agreement with data from systematic reviews that have reported the effectiveness of nicotine in the control of postoperative pain following surgery under general anaesthesia.

*This study establishes a new prevention and treatment modality regarding pain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema oedema], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trismus trismus] in a versatile, convenient, safe, and effective form, thereby minimizing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders caused by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in third molar surgeries.

*The positive findings in the present study in surgeries performed under local anaesthesia are in agreement with data from systematic reviews that have reported the effectiveness of nicotine in the control of postoperative pain following surgery under general anaesthesia.

*This study establishes a new prevention and treatment modality regarding pain, oedema, and trismus in a versatile, convenient, safe, and effective form, thereby minimizing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders caused by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in third molar surgeries.

*Pain and tobacco smoking are both highly prevalent and comorbid conditions, current smoking has been associated with more severe chronic pain and physical impairment, and acute nicotine-induced analgesia could make smoking more rewarding and harder to give up.

*Moderation analyses further revealed that acute analgesic effects may be achieved regardless of nicotine delivery method, current smoking status, pain induction modality, study design, or control condition, and that such effects may be more robust among men than women.

*Nicotine significantly reduced antiviral-dependent alterations of the nociceptive threshold.  

*Moreover, nicotine decreased neuropathic pain induced by repeated intraperitoneal administration of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg), lowering the hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli.  

*Intraoperative use of intranasal nicotine has a sustained opioid-sparing effect in non-smoking women undergoing gynaecological procedures and is associated with a higher frequency of nausea.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/EJA.0b013e328344d998 PDF Version]

*The preoperative application of a 7 mg nicotine patch resulted in a significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption in nonsmoking men undergoing [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''RRP''']] in this study. Its use was generally well tolerated, but the maximum nausea scores were higher in patients who received nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616# PDF Version]

*Animal study

*Female mice had significant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia hyperalgesia] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane isoflurane]. Nicotine administration prevented isoflurane-induced hyperalgesia without altering the antinociception produced by higher isoflurane concentrations.

*At 26 year follow-up, women with greater dietary nicotine intake had a lower risk of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Parkinson Disease (PD)''']] than those with lower intake. Dietary nicotine intake was calculated based on consumption of peppers, tomatoes, processed tomatoes, potatoes, and tea.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186 PDF Version]

*Human and animal references

*Analyzes results showing that chronic nicotine treatment improved striatal integrity and function.

*Nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Parkinson's Disease''']].

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against '''Parkinson's Disease''' (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*In light of recent data demonstrating that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, the possibility that novel anti-inflammatory treatments such as nicotine replacement therapy or analogues could have a beneficial effect on patients with psoriasis should be considered. This case described one such occasion in which it appeared that nicotine had a therapeutic effect on a patient’s psoriasis.  

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325452/pdf/0580404.pdf PDF Version]

*Two patients with pyoderma gangrenosum treated with topical nicotine 0.5% w/w cetamacrogol formula A cream are described here, both of whom had dramatic clinical resolution of their pyoderma gangrenosum.

*[https://scihubtw.tw/10.1080/09546630310019364 PDF Version]

*Herein we describe a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum who responded twice to topical nicotine within 4 weeks and 3 months, respectively, without any adverse effects.

*[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/articlepdf/189304/dce8005.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=ucasa&ct=ufr&ei=Z2aqX4SnOc2rywTPj5aYDw&scisig=AAGBfm1pz6ffl3a23G__I3APgBLpY6Cofw PDF Version]

*We used nicotine chewing gum for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with remarkable results. We strongly suggest that nicotine chewing gum may not only be beneficial in treating pyoderma gangrenosum but may also be useful in treating other skin disorders with prominent neutrophilic infiltrations such as Behcet's disease, Sweet disease, allergic vasculitis, and recurrent oral aphthae, the last of which is known to respond to smoking.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03904.x PDF Version]

*The immune phenotype of patients with symptomatic [[wikipedia:Sarcoidosis|'''sarcoidosis''']] treated with nicotine closely resembled that of asymptomatic patients, supporting the notion that nicotine treatment may be beneficial in this patient population.

*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Julian/publication/230645268_Nicotine_Treatment_Improves_TLR2_and_TLR9_Responsiveness_in_Active_Pulmonary_Sarcoidosis/links/556ca4af08aeab77722318be/Nicotine-Treatment-Improves-TLR2-and-TLR9-Responsiveness-in-Active-Pulmonary-Sarcoidosis.pdf PDF Version]

*This is the hitherto largest observational study supporting a favorable effect of nicotine in this specific seizure disorder. Better seizure control from transdermal nicotine compared to only day-time consumption suggests benefit from exposure throughout the night. According to current clinical experience, patients with uncontrolled ADSHE harboring relevant mutations should be offered precision treatment with transdermal nicotine.

*Citation: Brodtkorb E, Myren-Svelstad S, Knudsen-Baas KM, Nakken KO, Spigset O. Precision treatment with nicotine in autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE): An observational study of clinical outcome and serum cotinine levels in 17 patients. Epilepsy Res. 2021 Oct 25;178:106792. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106792. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34763266.

*Nevertheless, the two siblings reported here add to the small number of pediatric case reports regarding the successful use of nicotine patches in ADSHE.

*Journal Pre-Proof [https://www.pedneur.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0887-8994%2821%2900147-8 PDF Version]

*We report resolution of an epileptic encephalopathy by administration of transdermal nicotine patches in an adolescent with severe nonlesional refractory frontal lobe epilepsy. The 18.5‐year‐old female patient had refractory epilepsy from the age of 11. Recurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings showed mostly generalized activity, albeit with right frontal predominance. Almost all antiepileptic medications failed to provide benefit. She developed an encephalopathic state with cognitive decline. The nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy and a family history of a cousin with nocturnal epilepsy with frontal origin suggested genetic etiology. Transdermal nicotine patches brought complete resolution of the seizures, normalization of the EEG, and a significant improvement in her thinking process and speech organization. Sequencing of the CHRNB2 and CHRNA4 genes did not detect a mutation. Transdermal nicotine patches should be considered in severe pharmacoresistant frontal lobe epilepsy.

*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03715.x PDF Version]

*In this individual with refractory [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''ADNFLE''']], nicotine had a therapeutic effect on seizures, and it may be useful to others with this disorder.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 PDF Version]

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against sleep apnea (other diseases / issues mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*Links and conclusions of studies formatted to fit the character limits on Twitter

*This wiki page shows over 70 studies demonstrating these products help people stop smoking.

*Animal Study

*Primary impact to the spinal cord results in stimulation of secondary processes that potentiate the initial trauma. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''spinal cord injury (SCI)''']].

* The article presents a mini-review of studies on TS and depression over the past 25 years.

* It summarizes the studies on the behavioral biology of the basal ganglia and its neurotransmitters.

*In the 14 evaluable patients with complete primary efficacy data, nicotine (compared to placebo) failed to alter symptoms at 4 hours, but counteracted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300_(neuroscience) ERP-P300] signs of diminished attention seen 2 weeks following placebo treatment.  

*Secondary efficacy measures, including patient self-reports and parental ratings, found nicotine to reduce complex tics and improve behaviors related to inattention.

*[[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Transdermal nicotine (TNP)''']] was superior to placebo in reducing behavioral symptoms when patients were receiving an optimal dose of haloperidol, when the dose of haloperidol was reduced by 50%, and when the patch had been discontinued for 2 weeks. These findings confirm earlier open-label findings and suggest that combining nicotinic receptor modulation and neuroleptics could be a therapeutic option for the treatment of Tourette's disorder  

*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Sanberg/publication/11670769_Transdermal_Nicotine_and_Haloperidol_in_Tourette's_Disorder/links/5be32624299bf1124fc2d86a/Transdermal-Nicotine-and-Haloperidol-in-Tourettes-Disorder.pdf PDF Version]

*Within 24 hr of the application of a single 7-mg [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TNP (nicotine patch)''']], the severity and frequency of tic symptoms is significantly decreased over baseline. This response is rapid, often reaching its maximum in the first 3 hr after application of a single patch. The duration of therapeutic effect of a single 7-mg TNP is variable and may last for about l-2 weeks.

*Application of a 7-mg TNP to children and adolescents with [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TS''']] appears to be clinically safe, with transient side effects. However, no child under 8 years of age and weighing less than 25 kg was considered for TNP treatment.

*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (TS)''']].

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

* Sixteen Tourette's syndrome patients, aged 9 to 15 years, whose symptoms were not controlled with neuroleptics, were followed for various lengths of time after the application of one 7 mg [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine patch (TNP)''']] for 24 hours. While there was a broad range in individual response, application of the TNP produced significant reductions in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)''']] scores relative to baseline, with an average duration of effect lasting between 1 and 2 weeks. Side effects, for the most part, were transient.

*Eleven patients had greater percentage changes after the second TNP than after the first TNP

*In this study, nicotine markedly potentiated haloperidol effects in treating [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TD''']], and showed lesser effects on TD when used alone.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q PDF Version]

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against Tourette's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*Chewing nicotine gum produced striking relief from tics and other symptoms of Tourette syndrome not controlled by neuroleptic treatment alone. It appears that the use of nicotine or cannabinoids may greatly improve the clinical response to neuroleptics in motor disorders.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version]

* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]

*Animal

*mouse study

*There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months, although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit.

*Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%.

*different website same study? [Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson’s disease|https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/872/2656164]

*Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine.

Started: continue @ “Among smokers who have attempted to stop without professional support, those who use e-cigarettes are more likely to report continued abstinence than those who used a licensed NRT products [i.e., nicotine patches, gum or lozenges].”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.12623

*[[Special:MyLanguage/Nicotine_Studies|'''List of researchers''']] studying nicotine / tobacco harm reduction

*If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a "topic" called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address.

*'''PAGE EDITORS - Please only add Studies, Surveys, Papers in this format to keep page consistent for all viewers.'''

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