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*"Educational achievement did not differ within twin pairs discordant for smoking, in adults and adolescents." Treur et al. "Smoking during adolescence as a risk factor for attention problems." (2015) Biol. psychiatry | *"Educational achievement did not differ within twin pairs discordant for smoking, in adults and adolescents." Treur et al. "Smoking during adolescence as a risk factor for attention problems." (2015) Biol. psychiatry | ||
==[https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins]== | == 2010 [https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins]== | ||
*“The (inverse) IQ–smoking association disappeared after adjustments for shared environment and genetics.” Wennerstad, Karin Modig, et al. "Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins." Social science & medicine | *“The (inverse) IQ–smoking association disappeared after adjustments for shared environment and genetics.” Wennerstad, Karin Modig, et al. "Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins." Social science & medicine | ||
==[https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf Smoking, childhood IQ and cognitive function in old age]== | == 2010 [https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf Smoking, childhood IQ and cognitive function in old age]== | ||
*“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | *“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | ||
Fluharty et al (2016). | ==Fluharty et al (2016). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199385/ The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review.] Nicotine & Tobacco Research== | ||
*“The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | *“The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | ||
==[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446 Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety-related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling] and [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726984/ Caffeine triggers behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adolescent rats] == | == 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446 Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety-related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling] and | ||
2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726984/ Caffeine triggers behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adolescent rats] == | |||
==While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 [https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/index.htm Surgeon General’s Report]) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine.== | ==While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 [https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/index.htm Surgeon General’s Report]) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine.== | ||
==[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414766/ Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance] and [[Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial|https://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short]]== | == 2010 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414766/ Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance] and 2012 [[Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial|https://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short]]== | ||
*Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | *Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | ||
==[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson's disease]== | == 2017 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson's disease]== | ||
*Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | *Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | ||
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