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=Brain Damage/Cognative impaiment= | =Brain Damage/Cognative impaiment= | ||
== 2017 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson's disease]== | |||
*Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | |||
==Fluharty et al (2016). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199385/ The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review.] Nicotine & Tobacco Research== | |||
*“The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | |||
== 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446 Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety-related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling] and | |||
2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726984/ Caffeine triggers behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adolescent rats] == | |||
==While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 [https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/index.htm Surgeon General’s Report]) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine.== | |||
== 2015 [http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR-publicaties_2015/Treur_BP_2015.pdf Smoking During Adolescence as a Risk Factor for Attention Problems]== | == 2015 [http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR-publicaties_2015/Treur_BP_2015.pdf Smoking During Adolescence as a Risk Factor for Attention Problems]== | ||
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*“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | *“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | ||
== 2010 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414766/ Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance] and 2012 [https://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial]== | |||
== 2010 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414766/ Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance] and 2012 [ | |||
*Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | *Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | ||
=Gateway= | =Gateway= | ||
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