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[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/smoking-pregnant/ NHS advice on smoking in pregnancy ] | [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/smoking-pregnant/ NHS advice on smoking in pregnancy ] | ||
===How does smoking affect my unborn baby?=== | |||
It's hard to imagine when you can't see your baby, but everything you breathe in passes through to your baby (including secondhand smoke). Each cigarette contains more than 4,000 chemicals. | |||
When you smoke, carbon monoxide and other harmful toxins travel from your lungs, into your bloodstream, through your placenta and into your baby's body. When this happens, your baby struggles for oxygen. When your baby can't get enough oxygen, this affects their development. | |||
== E-cigarettes in pregnancy == | |||
E-cigarettes are fairly new and there are still some things we do not know. However, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/e-cigarettes-and-heated-tobacco-products-evidence-review current evidence on e-cigarettes] indicates they are much less risky than smoking. | |||
Cigarettes deliver nicotine along with thousands of harmful chemicals. E-cigarettes allow you to inhale nicotine through a vapour rather than smoke. By itself, nicotine is relatively harmless. | |||
E-cigarettes do not produce tar or carbon monoxide, the 2 main toxins in cigarette smoke. Carbon monoxide is particularly harmful to developing babies. The vapour from an e-cigarette does contain some of the potentially harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke, but at much lower levels. | |||
If using an e-cigarette helps you to stop smoking, it is much safer for you and your baby than continuing to smoke. | |||
Unlike nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), such as patches or gum, e-cigarettes are not available on an NHS prescription. If you want to use an e-cigarette, you can still get free expert help from a stop smoking adviser. | |||
Call the NHS Smokefree helpline on [[Tel: 0300 123 1044|0300 123 1044]] for more information, or ask a midwife to refer you. | |||
[https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/using-e-cigarettes-to-stop-smoking/ Find out more about using e-cigarettes to stop smoking.] | |||
==Psoriasis== | ==Psoriasis== | ||
==Pyoderma Gangrenosum== | ==Pyoderma Gangrenosum == | ||
===2004 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15204166/ Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 0.5% nicotine cream]=== | ===2004 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15204166/ Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 0.5% nicotine cream]=== | ||
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*Citation: Wolf R, Ruocco V. Nicotine for Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(9):1071–1072. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.9.1071 | *Citation: Wolf R, Ruocco V. Nicotine for Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(9):1071–1072. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.9.1071 | ||
===1995 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8537562/ Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with nicotine chewing gum]=== | === 1995 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8537562/ Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with nicotine chewing gum]=== | ||
*We used nicotine chewing gum for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with remarkable results. We strongly suggest that nicotine chewing gum may not only be beneficial in treating pyoderma gangrenosum but may also be useful in treating other skin disorders with prominent neutrophilic infiltrations such as Behcet's disease, Sweet disease, allergic vasculitis, and recurrent oral aphthae, the last of which is known to respond to smoking. | *We used nicotine chewing gum for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with remarkable results. We strongly suggest that nicotine chewing gum may not only be beneficial in treating pyoderma gangrenosum but may also be useful in treating other skin disorders with prominent neutrophilic infiltrations such as Behcet's disease, Sweet disease, allergic vasculitis, and recurrent oral aphthae, the last of which is known to respond to smoking. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03904.x PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03904.x PDF Version] | ||
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===2013 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(13)60095-1/fulltext Nicotine Treatment Improves Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 9 Responsiveness in Active Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]=== | ===2013 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(13)60095-1/fulltext Nicotine Treatment Improves Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 9 Responsiveness in Active Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]=== | ||
*The immune phenotype of patients with symptomatic [ | *The immune phenotype of patients with symptomatic [[wikipedia:Sarcoidosis|sarcoidosis]] treated with nicotine closely resembled that of asymptomatic patients, supporting the notion that nicotine treatment may be beneficial in this patient population. | ||
*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Julian/publication/230645268_Nicotine_Treatment_Improves_TLR2_and_TLR9_Responsiveness_in_Active_Pulmonary_Sarcoidosis/links/556ca4af08aeab77722318be/Nicotine-Treatment-Improves-TLR2-and-TLR9-Responsiveness-in-Active-Pulmonary-Sarcoidosis.pdf PDF Version] | *[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Julian/publication/230645268_Nicotine_Treatment_Improves_TLR2_and_TLR9_Responsiveness_in_Active_Pulmonary_Sarcoidosis/links/556ca4af08aeab77722318be/Nicotine-Treatment-Improves-TLR2-and-TLR9-Responsiveness-in-Active-Pulmonary-Sarcoidosis.pdf PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: Mark W. Julian, MS; Guohong Shao, MD; Larry S. Schlesinger, MD; Qin Huang, MD; David G. Cosmar, BA; Nitin Y. Bhatt, MD; Daniel A. Culver, MD, FCCP; Robert P. Baughman, MD, FCCP; Karen L. Wood, MD, FCCP; and Elliott D. Crouser, MD - ORIGINAL RESEARCH DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE| VOLUME 143, ISSUE 2, P461-470, FEBRUARY 01, 2013, DOI 10.1378/chest.12-0383 | *Citation: Mark W. Julian, MS; Guohong Shao, MD; Larry S. Schlesinger, MD; Qin Huang, MD; David G. Cosmar, BA; Nitin Y. Bhatt, MD; Daniel A. Culver, MD, FCCP; Robert P. Baughman, MD, FCCP; Karen L. Wood, MD, FCCP; and Elliott D. Crouser, MD - ORIGINAL RESEARCH DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE| VOLUME 143, ISSUE 2, P461-470, FEBRUARY 01, 2013, DOI 10.1378/chest.12-0383 | ||
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===2003 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study]=== | ===2003 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study]=== | ||
*In this individual with refractory [[Abbreviations|ADNFLE]], nicotine had a therapeutic effect on seizures, and it may be useful to others with this disorder. | *In this individual with refractory [[Abbreviations|ADNFLE]], nicotine had a therapeutic effect on seizures, and it may be useful to others with this disorder. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: Willoughby, J.O., Pope, K.J. and Eaton, V. (2003), Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study. Epilepsia, 44: 1238-1240. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 | *Citation: Willoughby, J.O., Pope, K.J. and Eaton, V. (2003), Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study. Epilepsia, 44: 1238-1240. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 | ||
*Acknowledgments: The Pharmacy Department undertook randomization and allocation of the trial phase. Nicotine patches and matching placebo patches were provided through SmithKlineBeecham Consumer Healthcare Australia. The patient was cooperatively conscientious in her documentation of seizures. Dr. Stephen Johnson provided helpful comments on nicotinic receptor pharmacology. | *Acknowledgments: The Pharmacy Department undertook randomization and allocation of the trial phase. Nicotine patches and matching placebo patches were provided through SmithKlineBeecham Consumer Healthcare Australia. The patient was cooperatively conscientious in her documentation of seizures. Dr. Stephen Johnson provided helpful comments on nicotinic receptor pharmacology. | ||
==Sleep Apnea== | == Sleep Apnea== | ||
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ||
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===2008 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.21901 Nicotine attenuates iNOS expression and contributes to neuroprotection in a compressive model of spinal cord injury]=== | ===2008 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.21901 Nicotine attenuates iNOS expression and contributes to neuroprotection in a compressive model of spinal cord injury]=== | ||
*Animal Study | *Animal Study | ||
*Primary impact to the spinal cord results in stimulation of secondary processes that potentiate the initial trauma. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in [[Abbreviations|spinal cord injury (SCI)]]. | *Primary impact to the spinal cord results in stimulation of secondary processes that potentiate the initial trauma. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in [[Abbreviations|spinal cord injury (SCI)]]. | ||
*The results of the present study indicate that [[Abbreviations|iNOS]] is induced in the early stages of SCI, leading to increased nitration of protein tyrosine residues and potentiation of inflammatory responses. Microglial cells appear to be the main cellular source of iNOS in SCI. In addition, nicotine-induced anti-inflammatory effects in SCI are mediated, at least in part, by the attenuation of iNOS overexpression through the receptor-mediated mechanism. This data may have significant therapeutic implications for the targeting of nicotine receptors in the treatment of compressive spinal cord trauma. | *The results of the present study indicate that [[Abbreviations|iNOS]] is induced in the early stages of SCI, leading to increased nitration of protein tyrosine residues and potentiation of inflammatory responses. Microglial cells appear to be the main cellular source of iNOS in SCI. In addition, nicotine-induced anti-inflammatory effects in SCI are mediated, at least in part, by the attenuation of iNOS overexpression through the receptor-mediated mechanism. This data may have significant therapeutic implications for the targeting of nicotine receptors in the treatment of compressive spinal cord trauma. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/jnr.21901 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/jnr.21901 PDF Version] | ||
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===1997 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725896001994 Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome]=== | ===1997 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725896001994 Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome]=== | ||
*Within 24 hr of the application of a single 7-mg [[Abbreviations|TNP (nicotine patch)]], the severity and frequency of tic symptoms is significantly decreased over baseline. This response is rapid, often reaching its maximum in the first 3 hr after application of a single patch. The duration of therapeutic effect of a single 7-mg TNP is variable and may last for about l-2 weeks. | *Within 24 hr of the application of a single 7-mg [[Abbreviations|TNP (nicotine patch)]], the severity and frequency of tic symptoms is significantly decreased over baseline. This response is rapid, often reaching its maximum in the first 3 hr after application of a single patch. The duration of therapeutic effect of a single 7-mg TNP is variable and may last for about l-2 weeks. | ||
*Application of a 7-mg TNP to children and adolescents with [[Abbreviations|TS]] appears to be clinically safe, with transient side effects. However, no child under 8 years of age and weighing less than 25 kg was considered for TNP treatment. | *Application of a 7-mg TNP to children and adolescents with [[Abbreviations|TS]] appears to be clinically safe, with transient side effects. However, no child under 8 years of age and weighing less than 25 kg was considered for TNP treatment. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725896001994?via%3Dihub PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725896001994?via%3Dihub PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: Paul R. Sanberg, Archie A. Silver, R.Doug Shytle, Mary Katherine Philipp, David W. Cahill, Harold M. Fogelson, Brian J. McConville, Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 74, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 21-25, ISSN 0163-7258, doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00199-4. | *Citation: Paul R. Sanberg, Archie A. Silver, R.Doug Shytle, Mary Katherine Philipp, David W. Cahill, Harold M. Fogelson, Brian J. McConville, Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 74, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 21-25, ISSN 0163-7258, doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00199-4. | ||
*Acknowledgements-This review was supported, in part, by grants from the Tourette Syndrome Association, The National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (ROl NS 32067sOlAl) and the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council. | * Acknowledgements-This review was supported, in part, by grants from the Tourette Syndrome Association, The National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (ROl NS 32067sOlAl) and the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council. | ||
*Keywords: Nicotine; Tourette's syndrome; tics; neuropsychiatric disorders | *Keywords: Nicotine; Tourette's syndrome; tics; neuropsychiatric disorders | ||
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*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184. | *Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184. | ||
===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8973070/ Case study: long-term potentiation of neuroleptics with transdermal nicotine in Tourette's syndrome]=== | === 1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8973070/ Case study: long-term potentiation of neuroleptics with transdermal nicotine in Tourette's syndrome]=== | ||
*Sixteen Tourette's syndrome patients, aged 9 to 15 years, whose symptoms were not controlled with neuroleptics, were followed for various lengths of time after the application of one 7 mg [[Abbreviations|transdermal nicotine patch (TNP)]] for 24 hours. While there was a broad range in individual response, application of the TNP produced significant reductions in [[Abbreviations|Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)]] scores relative to baseline, with an average duration of effect lasting between 1 and 2 weeks. Side effects, for the most part, were transient. | * Sixteen Tourette's syndrome patients, aged 9 to 15 years, whose symptoms were not controlled with neuroleptics, were followed for various lengths of time after the application of one 7 mg [[Abbreviations|transdermal nicotine patch (TNP)]] for 24 hours. While there was a broad range in individual response, application of the TNP produced significant reductions in [[Abbreviations|Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)]] scores relative to baseline, with an average duration of effect lasting between 1 and 2 weeks. Side effects, for the most part, were transient. | ||
*Eleven patients had greater percentage changes after the second TNP than after the first TNP | *Eleven patients had greater percentage changes after the second TNP than after the first TNP | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/00004583-199612000-00015 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/00004583-199612000-00015 PDF Version] | ||
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*In this study, nicotine markedly potentiated haloperidol effects in treating [[Abbreviations|TD]], and showed lesser effects on TD when used alone. | *In this study, nicotine markedly potentiated haloperidol effects in treating [[Abbreviations|TD]], and showed lesser effects on TD when used alone. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: McConville BJ, Sanberg PR, Fogelson MH, King J, Cirino P, Parker KW, Norman AB. The effects of nicotine plus haloperidol compared to nicotine only and placebo nicotine only in reducing tic severity and frequency in Tourette's disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Apr 15;31(8):832-40. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q. PMID: 1643197. | * Citation: McConville BJ, Sanberg PR, Fogelson MH, King J, Cirino P, Parker KW, Norman AB. The effects of nicotine plus haloperidol compared to nicotine only and placebo nicotine only in reducing tic severity and frequency in Tourette's disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Apr 15;31(8):832-40. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q. PMID: 1643197. | ||
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council, Inc., the Tourette Syndrome Association, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. The authors thank Roger Stuebing, B.S.M.E., M.S.I.E., and Sunny Y. Lu, M.D., Ph.D. for statistical advice and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals for supplying both Nicoreue® gum and placebo nicotine gum. | *Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council, Inc., the Tourette Syndrome Association, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. The authors thank Roger Stuebing, B.S.M.E., M.S.I.E., and Sunny Y. Lu, M.D., Ph.D. for statistical advice and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals for supplying both Nicoreue® gum and placebo nicotine gum. | ||
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ||
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*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: D.E. Moss, Patricia Z. Manderscheid, S.P. Montgomery, Andrew B. Norman, Paul R. Sanberg, Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders, Life Sciences, Volume 44, Issue 21, 1989, Pages 1521-1525, ISSN 0024-3205, doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X. | *Citation: D.E. Moss, Patricia Z. Manderscheid, S.P. Montgomery, Andrew B. Norman, Paul R. Sanberg, Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders, Life Sciences, Volume 44, Issue 21, 1989, Pages 1521-1525, ISSN 0024-3205, doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X. | ||
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by NIMH (RR 08012) and NIDA. Levonantradol and fluphenazine HCL were generous gifts from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (Groton, Conn.) and E.R. Squibb and Sons (Princeton, N.J.), respectively. | *Acknowledgements: Supported in part by NIMH (RR 08012) and NIDA. Levonantradol and fluphenazine HCL were generous gifts from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (Groton, Conn.) and E.R. Squibb and Sons (Princeton, N.J.), respectively. | ||
==Weight Loss / Appetite Control / Metabolism / Obesity== | ==Weight Loss / Appetite Control / Metabolism / Obesity== | ||
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | ||
*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight | * When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version] | ||
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921. | *Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921. | ||
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