Richardpruen (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Richardpruen (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies''' | '''Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies''' | ||
*Sometimes it's necessary to view the PDF version to access the full study. | * Sometimes it's necessary to view the PDF version to access the full study. | ||
*This page is for referencing the possible benefits of [[Abbreviations|'''ENDS''']] products vs. smoking cigarettes from a Cancer standpoint. (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems are also known as vapor technology, ecigarettes, ecigs, EVP, etc.) | * This page is for referencing the possible benefits of [[Abbreviations|'''ENDS''']] products vs. smoking cigarettes from a Cancer standpoint. (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems are also known as vapor technology, ecigarettes, ecigs, EVP, etc.) | ||
*If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a subject section called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address. | * If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a subject section called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address. | ||
*'''PAGE EDITORS - Please only add Studies, Surveys, Papers in this format to keep page consistent for all viewers.''' | * '''PAGE EDITORS - Please only add Studies, Surveys, Papers in this format to keep page consistent for all viewers.''' | ||
**Topic | ** Topic | ||
**Year (list new to old) Name of Study (In link format to the study) | ** Year (list new to old) Name of Study (In link format to the study) | ||
**Note here if animal study (leave blank if not) | ** Note here if animal study (leave blank if not) | ||
**Brief Summary | ** Brief Summary | ||
**Link to PDF Version | ** Link to PDF Version | ||
**Citation | ** Citation | ||
**Acknowledgements (funded by, helped by) | ** Acknowledgements (funded by, helped by) | ||
**Keywords | ** Keywords | ||
**Other | ** Other | ||
=Suggested studies to add to this page= | =Suggested studies to add to this page= | ||
Effect on Adolescent Cognitive and Psychological Development | |||
"Educational achievement did not differ within twin pairs discordant for smoking, in adults and adolescents." | "Educational achievement did not differ within twin pairs discordant for smoking, in adults and adolescents." | ||
Treur et al. "Smoking during adolescence as a risk factor for attention problems." (2015) Biol. psychiatry | Treur et al. "Smoking during adolescence as a risk factor for attention problems." (2015) Biol. psychiatry | ||
http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR-publicaties_2015/Treur_BP_2015.pdf | http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR-publicaties_2015/Treur_BP_2015.pdf | ||
“The (inverse) IQ–smoking association disappeared after adjustments for shared environment and genetics.” | “The (inverse) IQ–smoking association disappeared after adjustments for shared environment and genetics.” | ||
Wennerstad, Karin Modig, et al. "Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins." Social science & medicine | Wennerstad, Karin Modig, et al. "Associations between IQ and cigarette smoking among Swedish male twins." Social science & medicine | ||
https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf | |||
<a href="https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf ">https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2010-wennerstad.pdf </a> | |||
“Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | “Past smoking was not associated with significantly poorer performance than never smokers in any cognitive domain.” | ||
Corley et al. "Smoking, childhood IQ and cognitive function in old age." (2012) Journal of Psychosomatic Research (Table 2) | Corley et al. "Smoking, childhood IQ and cognitive function in old age." (2012) Journal of Psychosomatic Research (Table 2) | ||
https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf | |||
<a href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf ">https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/16310520/Corley_2012_Smoking_childhood_IQ_and_cognitive_function.pdf </a> | |||
“The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | “The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization. . . . Two studies that have used [Mendelian randomization] have found no evidence to support a causal association between smoking and depression and anxiety, while another found evidence to suggest that smoking was associated with lower odds of depression during pregnancy.” | ||
Fluharty et al (2016). “The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research | Fluharty et al (2016). “The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research | ||
https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/19/1/3/2631686 | |||
https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/19/1/3/2631686 | |||
While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 Surgeon General’s Report) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine: | While some rodent studies suggest impaired cognitive development from nicotine administration in adolescence (2016 Surgeon General’s Report) similar rodent studies exist for caffeine: | ||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446/ | |||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808446/</a> | |||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24726984 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24726984 | ||
Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine. | ||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766 | |||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766</a> | |||
http://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short | http://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short | ||
Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%. | ||
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 | ||
=Gateway= | =Gateway= | ||
==2020: Association of initial e-cigarette and other tobacco product use with subsequent cigarette smoking in adolescents: a cross-sectional, matched control study== | ==2020: Association of initial e-cigarette and other tobacco product use with subsequent cigarette smoking in adolescents: a cross-sectional, matched control study== | ||
In conclusion, this matched control analysis of NYTS data from 2014 to 2017 suggests that for adolescents initiation with e-cigarettes is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent cigarette smoking compared with initiators with other combustible and non-combustible tobacco products use, and propensity score matched adolescents without initial e-cigarette use. This suggests that, over the time period considered, e-cigarettes were unlikely to have acted as an important gateway towards cigarette smoking and may, in fact, have acted as a gateway away from smoking for vulnerable adolescents; this is consistent with the decrease in youth cigarette smoking prevalence over the same time period that youth e-cigarette use increased between 2014 and 2017. | In conclusion, this matched control analysis of NYTS data from 2014 to 2017 suggests that for adolescents initiation with e-cigarettes is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent cigarette smoking compared with initiators with other combustible and non-combustible tobacco products use, and propensity score matched adolescents without initial e-cigarette use. This suggests that, over the time period considered, e-cigarettes were unlikely to have acted as an important gateway towards cigarette smoking and may, in fact, have acted as a gateway away from smoking for vulnerable adolescents; this is consistent with the decrease in youth cigarette smoking prevalence over the same time period that youth e-cigarette use increased between 2014 and 2017. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 91: | ||
Finally, we analyzed the impact of the sharp increase in e-cigarette use and the accelerating decline in cigarette smoking on healthcare costs and economic productivity. We found that while e-cigarette users incur lower healthcare costs than cigarette smokers or ex-smokers, the longer lifespans of e-cigarette users and ex-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking result in higher lifetime healthcare costs. However, we also found that the value of the additional years of life associated with using e-cigarettes instead of smoking is much greater than the additional healthcare costs. Lastly, we found that the increase in e-cigarette use and the associated reduction in smoking rates results in large productivity benefits, mainly from lower rates of illness. | Finally, we analyzed the impact of the sharp increase in e-cigarette use and the accelerating decline in cigarette smoking on healthcare costs and economic productivity. We found that while e-cigarette users incur lower healthcare costs than cigarette smokers or ex-smokers, the longer lifespans of e-cigarette users and ex-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking result in higher lifetime healthcare costs. However, we also found that the value of the additional years of life associated with using e-cigarettes instead of smoking is much greater than the additional healthcare costs. Lastly, we found that the increase in e-cigarette use and the associated reduction in smoking rates results in large productivity benefits, mainly from lower rates of illness. | ||
==2015: The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes == | ==2015: The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes == Nonsmoking teens’ interest in e-cigarettes was very low. Adult smokers’ interest was significantly higher overall and for each flavor. | ||
Nonsmoking teens’ interest in e-cigarettes was very low. Adult smokers’ interest was significantly higher overall and for each flavor. | |||
Teen interest did not vary by flavor, but adult interest did. | Teen interest did not vary by flavor, but adult interest did. | ||
Past-30-day adult e-cigarette users had the greatest interest in e-cigarettes, and their interest was most affected by flavor. | Past-30-day adult e-cigarette users had the greatest interest in e-cigarettes, and their interest was most affected by flavor. | ||
| Line 60: | Line 97: | ||
=Youth Use / Risky Behaviors / ACE’s= | =Youth Use / Risky Behaviors / ACE’s= | ||
==2020: Up in Smoke: Exploring the Relationship between Bullying Victimization and E-Cigarette Use in Sexual Minority Youths== | ==2020: Up in Smoke: Exploring the Relationship between Bullying Victimization and E-Cigarette Use in Sexual Minority Youths== | ||
Conclusions/Importance: These findings suggest that sexual minority students who report cyberbullying victimization may use cigarette and e-cigarette products more than their non-cyberbullied peers. | Conclusions/Importance: These findings suggest that sexual minority students who report cyberbullying victimization may use cigarette and e-cigarette products more than their non-cyberbullied peers. | ||
| Line 72: | Line 108: | ||
In this study I have found evidence that e-cigarettes or vaping devices can represent fashionable experimentation rather than steady user patterns. | In this study I have found evidence that e-cigarettes or vaping devices can represent fashionable experimentation rather than steady user patterns. | ||
==2019: Epidemic of Youth Nicotine Addiction? What does the National Youth Tobacco Survey reveal about high school e-cigarette use in the USA?== | ==2019: Epidemic of Youth Nicotine Addiction? What does the National Youth Tobacco Survey reveal about high school e-cigarette use in the USA?== By Martin J Jarvis, Robert J West, Jamie Brown | ||
By Martin J Jarvis, Robert J West, Jamie Brown | |||
Shows the relation of youth usage to youth that had a previous addiction to cigarettes | Shows the relation of youth usage to youth that had a previous addiction to cigarettes | ||
Blog: The 2018 American Teen Vaping Epidemic, Recalculated | Blog: The 2018 American Teen Vaping Epidemic, Recalculated | ||
==2016: E-Cigarette Uptake Amongst UK Youth: Experimentation, but Little or No Regular Use in Nonsmokers== | ==2016: E-Cigarette Uptake Amongst UK Youth: Experimentation, but Little or No Regular Use in Nonsmokers== Letter | ||
Letter | |||
==2016: Survey on the use of electronic cigarettes and tobacco among children in middle and high school== | ==2016: Survey on the use of electronic cigarettes and tobacco among children in middle and high school== RESULTS: Among the students, 56% had tried an electronic cigarette at least once (boys: 59.9%, girls: 49.3%; ranging from 31.3% for the 8th grade students to 66.1% for the 12th grades). However, only 3.4% reported that they used electronic cigarettes every day. Initiation of e-cigarette use in these teenagers was principally due to use by friends or triggered by curiosity and they usually choose fruit or sweet flavours initially. The majority could not give the concentration of nicotine in e-cigarettes that they used. Moreover, 61.5% of the students had ever tried tobacco and 22.3% were daily smokers. Our study found a strong link between vaping and smoking. 80% of the students who had ever tried conventional cigarettes (94% for the daily smokers) had also tried an electronic cigarette, versus 16% of the students who have never smoked. Few students (6.2%) used electronic cigarettes without smoking tobacco too. Usually, they have tried tobacco before trying an electronic cigarette. Only tobacco smokers seem to smoke electronic cigarettes with nicotine. | ||
RESULTS: Among the students, 56% had tried an electronic cigarette at least once (boys: 59.9%, girls: 49.3%; ranging from 31.3% for the 8th grade students to 66.1% for the 12th grades). However, only 3.4% reported that they used electronic cigarettes every day. Initiation of e-cigarette use in these teenagers was principally due to use by friends or triggered by curiosity and they usually choose fruit or sweet flavours initially. The majority could not give the concentration of nicotine in e-cigarettes that they used. Moreover, 61.5% of the students had ever tried tobacco and 22.3% were daily smokers. Our study found a strong link between vaping and smoking. 80% of the students who had ever tried conventional cigarettes (94% for the daily smokers) had also tried an electronic cigarette, versus 16% of the students who have never smoked. Few students (6.2%) used electronic cigarettes without smoking tobacco too. Usually, they have tried tobacco before trying an electronic cigarette. Only tobacco smokers seem to smoke electronic cigarettes with nicotine. | |||
CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that teenagers frequently try electronic cigarettes, it does not prove, for the moment, that vaping itself usually leads to nicotine addiction. However, as most of the teenagers are unable to tell if the electronic cigarette they are testing contains nicotine, it raises the possibility that they could be vulnerable to manipulation by the tobacco industry. | CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that teenagers frequently try electronic cigarettes, it does not prove, for the moment, that vaping itself usually leads to nicotine addiction. However, as most of the teenagers are unable to tell if the electronic cigarette they are testing contains nicotine, it raises the possibility that they could be vulnerable to manipulation by the tobacco industry. | ||
| Line 103: | Line 136: | ||
=Youth and Regulations= | =Youth and Regulations= | ||
==2020: Perverse Psychology How Anti-Vaping Campaigners Created the Youth Vaping “Epidemic”== | ==2020: Perverse Psychology How Anti-Vaping Campaigners Created the Youth Vaping “Epidemic”== | ||
It is reasonable for anti-tobacco advocates to worry about youth experimentation with nicotine, but the evidence is clear that their interventions have backfired and made the problem worse. Their attempts to dissuade teenagers from vaping increased their awareness of the behavior, made it more attractive, and convinced them that everyone around them was doing it. | It is reasonable for anti-tobacco advocates to worry about youth experimentation with nicotine, but the evidence is clear that their interventions have backfired and made the problem worse. Their attempts to dissuade teenagers from vaping increased their awareness of the behavior, made it more attractive, and convinced them that everyone around them was doing it. | ||
| Line 118: | Line 150: | ||
Conclusion: “We document a concerning trend of cigarette smoking among adolescents increasing when ENDS become more difficult to purchase.” | Conclusion: “We document a concerning trend of cigarette smoking among adolescents increasing when ENDS become more difficult to purchase.” | ||
==2015: Study: How does electronic cigarette access affect adolescent smoking?== | ==2015: Study: How does electronic cigarette access affect adolescent smoking?== Abstract: “Understanding electronic cigarettes’ effect on tobacco smoking is a central economic and policy issue. This paper examines the causal impact of e-cigarette access on conventional cigarette use by adolescents. Regression analyses consider how state bans on e-cigarette sales to minors influence smoking rates among 12 to 17 year olds. Such bans yield a statistically significant 0.9 percentage point increase in recent smoking in this age group, relative to states without such bans. Results are robust to multiple specifications as well as several falsification and placebo checks. This effect is both consistent with e-cigarette access reducing smoking among minors, and large: banning electronic cigarette sales to minors counteracts 70 percent of the downward pre-trend in teen cigarette smoking for a given two-year period.” | ||
Abstract: “Understanding electronic cigarettes’ effect on tobacco smoking is a central economic and policy issue. This paper examines the causal impact of e-cigarette access on conventional cigarette use by adolescents. Regression analyses consider how state bans on e-cigarette sales to minors influence smoking rates among 12 to 17 year olds. Such bans yield a statistically significant 0.9 percentage point increase in recent smoking in this age group, relative to states without such bans. Results are robust to multiple specifications as well as several falsification and placebo checks. This effect is both consistent with e-cigarette access reducing smoking among minors, and large: banning electronic cigarette sales to minors counteracts 70 percent of the downward pre-trend in teen cigarette smoking for a given two-year period.” | |||
=Young Adults= | =Young Adults= | ||
==2020: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Health Indicators in a Young Adult, College Student Sample: Differences by Gender== | ==2020: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Health Indicators in a Young Adult, College Student Sample: Differences by Gender== | ||
Approximately 51.7% of the sample reported at least one ACE | Approximately 51.7% of the sample reported at least one ACE | ||
| Line 132: | Line 162: | ||
A diverse young adult sample of current everyday smokers, who were not ready to quit, was able to reduce smoking with the help of ECs. | A diverse young adult sample of current everyday smokers, who were not ready to quit, was able to reduce smoking with the help of ECs. | ||
==2015: Risky behaviors, e-cigarette use and susceptibility of use among college students== | ==2015: Risky behaviors, e-cigarette use and susceptibility of use among college students== Conclusion: “More e-cigarette users report use of another nicotine product besides e-cigarettes as the first nicotine product used; this should be considered when examining whether e-cigarette use is related to cigarette susceptibility. Involvement in risky behaviors is related to e-cigarette use and susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Among college students, e-cigarette use is more likely to occur in those who have also used other tobacco products, marijuana, and/or alcohol.” | ||
Conclusion: “More e-cigarette users report use of another nicotine product besides e-cigarettes as the first nicotine product used; this should be considered when examining whether e-cigarette use is related to cigarette susceptibility. Involvement in risky behaviors is related to e-cigarette use and susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Among college students, e-cigarette use is more likely to occur in those who have also used other tobacco products, marijuana, and/or alcohol.” | |||
==2015: Changes in use of cigarettes and non-cigarette alternative products among college students== | ==2015: Changes in use of cigarettes and non-cigarette alternative products among college students== | ||
| Line 143: | Line 172: | ||
=More Information= | =More Information= | ||
*Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. | |||
* Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. | |||
[[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | [[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | ||
edits