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='''Addiction / Abuse Liability / Dependence (Nicotine)'''= <!--T:3-->
='''Addiction / Abuse Liability / Dependence (Nicotine)'''=  




===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]=== <!--T:4-->
===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]===  


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*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
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*Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.  
*Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.  


===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]=== <!--T:6-->
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]===  


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*
*


===2020 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10826084.2020.1834582?journalCode=isum20& Dependence and Use Characteristics of Adult JUUL Electronic Cigarette Users]=== <!--T:8-->
===2020 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10826084.2020.1834582?journalCode=isum20& Dependence and Use Characteristics of Adult JUUL Electronic Cigarette Users]===  


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*
*


===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33086157/ A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study]=== <!--T:10-->
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33086157/ A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study]===  


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*
*


===2020 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15060 Dependence on e-cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross-sectional study of US adults]=== <!--T:12-->
===2020 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15060 Dependence on e-cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross-sectional study of US adults]===  
 
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*
*


===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]=== <!--T:14-->
===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]=== <!--T:14-->


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*
*


===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]=== <!--T:16-->
===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===  


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*These findings are concordant with our previous results and provide evidence that menthol Vuse Solo ECs have abuse liability that is lower than menthol cigarettes and potentially greater than that of nicotine gum.
*These findings are concordant with our previous results and provide evidence that menthol Vuse Solo ECs have abuse liability that is lower than menthol cigarettes and potentially greater than that of nicotine gum.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x PDF Version]
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*Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
*Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.


===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]=== <!--T:18-->
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===  
 


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*
*


===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]=== <!--T:20-->
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]===  
 


<!--T:21-->
*
*


===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]=== <!--T:22-->
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]===  
 


<!--T:23-->
*
*


===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]=== <!--T:24-->
===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]===  
 


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*We also note that although any nicotine-containing product has the potential to be addicting, based on the available evidence, currently marketed OTC NRT products do not appear to have significant potential for abuse or dependence. A 2010 review of historical reports made to the Agency's Adverse Event Reporting System and to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Drug Abuse Warning Network between 1984 and 2009 suggested that NRT products have a low potential for abuse. Several published studies have also found that the abuse liability and dependence potential of NRT products is low, especially compared to cigarettes.
*We also note that although any nicotine-containing product has the potential to be addicting, based on the available evidence, currently marketed OTC NRT products do not appear to have significant potential for abuse or dependence. A 2010 review of historical reports made to the Agency's Adverse Event Reporting System and to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Drug Abuse Warning Network between 1984 and 2009 suggested that NRT products have a low potential for abuse. Several published studies have also found that the abuse liability and dependence potential of NRT products is low, especially compared to cigarettes.
*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-04-02/pdf/2013-07528.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-04-02/pdf/2013-07528.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: Food and Drug Administration, 78 FR 19718
*Citation: Food and Drug Administration, 78 FR 19718


===2012 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/14/1/75/1047894?redirectedFrom=fulltext Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence]=== <!--T:26-->
===2012 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/14/1/75/1047894?redirectedFrom=fulltext Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence]===  


   
   
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*More recently, it has been found that, although nicotine is the most important addictive component of tobacco smoke, it is probably not the only substance involved in the development of tobacco dependence. In light of what is now known about what determines cigarette smoking, it seems timely to propose a renaming of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)''']] to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD).
*More recently, it has been found that, although nicotine is the most important addictive component of tobacco smoke, it is probably not the only substance involved in the development of tobacco dependence. In light of what is now known about what determines cigarette smoking, it seems timely to propose a renaming of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)''']] to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD).
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntr137 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntr137 PDF Version]
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*See Also: 2013: [https://nicotinepolicy.net/blogs/guest-blogs/27-karl-fagerstrom/82-dependence-on-tobacco-and-nicotine Dependence on tobacco and nicotine]
*See Also: 2013: [https://nicotinepolicy.net/blogs/guest-blogs/27-karl-fagerstrom/82-dependence-on-tobacco-and-nicotine Dependence on tobacco and nicotine]


===2003 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616334/ Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability]=== <!--T:28-->
===2003 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616334/ Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability]===  
 


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*Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults.
*Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2 PDF Version]
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*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.


===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12175452/ Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum]=== <!--T:30-->
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12175452/ Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum]===  
 


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*Mint-flavored nicotine gum was rated as more palatable than the original nicotine gum, but the improvement in flavor did not increase abuse liability in adults (22 – 50 years old) or young adults (18 –21 years old).  
*Mint-flavored nicotine gum was rated as more palatable than the original nicotine gum, but the improvement in flavor did not increase abuse liability in adults (22 – 50 years old) or young adults (18 –21 years old).  
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version]
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='''Addiction (Nicotine with the use or abuse of recreational substances)'''= <!--T:32-->
='''Addiction (Nicotine with the use or abuse of recreational substances)'''=  




===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119664/ Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats]=== <!--T:33-->
===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119664/ Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats]===  
 


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*Animal Study
*Animal Study
*The overall results indicate that nicotine and modafinil co-administration rescued brain from MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. We suggest that nicotine and modafinil combination therapy could be considered as a possible treatment to reduce the neurological disorders induced by MDMA. (Note: AKA ecstasy)
*The overall results indicate that nicotine and modafinil co-administration rescued brain from MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. We suggest that nicotine and modafinil combination therapy could be considered as a possible treatment to reduce the neurological disorders induced by MDMA. (Note: AKA ecstasy)
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='''Alzheimer / Dementia / Mild Cognitive Imparement (MCI)'''= <!--T:35-->
='''Alzheimer / Dementia / Mild Cognitive Imparement (MCI)'''=  
===2013 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation]===


===2013 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation]=== <!--T:36-->
<!--T:37-->
*Animal Study
*Animal Study
*Taken together, these results demonstrate that nicotine prevents memory deficits and synaptic impairment induced by Aβ oligomers. In addition, nicotine improves memory in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice before extensive amyloid deposition and senile plaque development, and also in old mice where senile plaques have already formed.
*Taken together, these results demonstrate that nicotine prevents memory deficits and synaptic impairment induced by Aβ oligomers. In addition, nicotine improves memory in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice before extensive amyloid deposition and senile plaque development, and also in old mice where senile plaques have already formed.
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*Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Rodrigo Varas for his help with the electrophysiological studies of the α7-nAChR. This work was supported by a grant from FONDECYT No 120156 to N.C.I; predoctoral fellowships from CONICYT to G.G.F., M.S.A. F.G.S., J.A.R. and from Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho to J.Y.V. The Basal Center of Excellence in Science and Technology CARE was funded by CONICYT/PFB 12/2007.
*Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Rodrigo Varas for his help with the electrophysiological studies of the α7-nAChR. This work was supported by a grant from FONDECYT No 120156 to N.C.I; predoctoral fellowships from CONICYT to G.G.F., M.S.A. F.G.S., J.A.R. and from Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho to J.Y.V. The Basal Center of Excellence in Science and Technology CARE was funded by CONICYT/PFB 12/2007.


===2012 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466669/ Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial]=== <!--T:38-->
===2012 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466669/ Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial]===  
 


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*The secondary outcome measures showed significant nicotine-associated improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed, and improvements were seen in patient/informant ratings of cognitive impairment.  
*The secondary outcome measures showed significant nicotine-associated improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed, and improvements were seen in patient/informant ratings of cognitive impairment.  
*Safety and tolerability for transdermal nicotine were excellent.  
*Safety and tolerability for transdermal nicotine were excellent.  
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*Citation: Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin ED. Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial. Neurology. 2012 Jan 10;78(2):91-101. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efcbb. PMID: 22232050; PMCID: PMC3466669.
*Citation: Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin ED. Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial. Neurology. 2012 Jan 10;78(2):91-101. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efcbb. PMID: 22232050; PMCID: PMC3466669.


===2010 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607860220126808 Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population]=== <!--T:40-->
===2010 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607860220126808 Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population]===  
 
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*Recent advances in nicotine research have pointed to a number of cognitive and neurological benefits that have been linked to the ingestion of nicotine.
*Recent advances in nicotine research have pointed to a number of cognitive and neurological benefits that have been linked to the ingestion of nicotine.
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*Citation: K. N. Murray & N. Abeles (2002) Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population, Aging & Mental Health, 6:2, 129-138, DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126808
*Citation: K. N. Murray & N. Abeles (2002) Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population, Aging & Mental Health, 6:2, 129-138, DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126808


===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]=== <!--T:42-->
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]===  
 
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*Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects.
*Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects.
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*Citation: Levin ED, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2002 Aug;1(4):423-31. doi: 10.2174/1568007023339102. PMID: 12769614.
*Citation: Levin ED, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2002 Aug;1(4):423-31. doi: 10.2174/1568007023339102. PMID: 12769614.


===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006184/ Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases?]=== <!--T:44-->
===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006184/ Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases?]===  
 


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*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Alzheimer's disease (AD)''']].
*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Alzheimer's disease (AD)''']].
*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.
*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.
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*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184.
*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184.


===1992 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1410164/ Effects of acute subcutaneous nicotine on attention, information processing and short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease]=== <!--T:46-->
===1992 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1410164/ Effects of acute subcutaneous nicotine on attention, information processing and short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease]===  
 


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*Nicotine significantly improved sustained visual attention (in both RVIP and DRMLO tasks), reaction time (in both FT and RVIP tasks), and perception (CFF task--both ascending and descending thresholds).  
*Nicotine significantly improved sustained visual attention (in both RVIP and DRMLO tasks), reaction time (in both FT and RVIP tasks), and perception (CFF task--both ascending and descending thresholds).  
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02247426 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02247426 PDF Version]
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*Acknowledgements. This research was supported by British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd. BJS thanks the Wellcome Trust and the Eleanor Peel Foundation for support.  
*Acknowledgements. This research was supported by British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd. BJS thanks the Wellcome Trust and the Eleanor Peel Foundation for support.  


===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== <!--T:48-->
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]===  


<!--T:49-->
*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in enhancement of performance, and protection against  Alzheimer's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)
* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in enhancement of performance, and protection against  Alzheimer's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.


===1989 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2597885/ The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type]=== <!--T:50-->
===1989 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2597885/ The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type]===  
 


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*Nicotine in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) produced a significant and marked improvement in discriminative sensitivity and reaction times on a computerised test of attention and information processing. Nicotine also improved the ability of DAT patients to detect a flickering light in a critical flicker fusion test. These results suggest that nicotine may be acting on cortical mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention, and support the hypothesis that acetylcholine transmission modulates vigilance and discrimination. Nicotine may therefore be of some value in treating deficits in attention and information processing in DAT patients.  
*Nicotine in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) produced a significant and marked improvement in discriminative sensitivity and reaction times on a computerised test of attention and information processing. Nicotine also improved the ability of DAT patients to detect a flickering light in a critical flicker fusion test. These results suggest that nicotine may be acting on cortical mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention, and support the hypothesis that acetylcholine transmission modulates vigilance and discrimination. Nicotine may therefore be of some value in treating deficits in attention and information processing in DAT patients.  
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1192/bjp.154.6.797 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1192/bjp.154.6.797 PDF Version]
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='''Aphthous ulcers'''= <!--T:52-->
='''Aphthous ulcers'''=  


===2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/ Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers]=== <!--T:53-->
===2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/ Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers]=== <!--T:53-->


<!--T:54-->
 
*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials.
*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials.
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/?report=printablePrintable Version
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/?report=printablePrintable Version
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