Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

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===2010 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607860220126808 Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population]===  

*Recent advances in nicotine research have pointed to a number of cognitive and neurological benefits that have been linked to the ingestion of nicotine.

*This article examines cognitive decline in the elderly and looks at nicotine's potential role in ameliorating this decline.

===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]===  

*Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects.

*Acute nicotine administration can improve performance of patients with AD on cognitive tasks, including verbal learning and memory, attention in a continuous performance task, and accuracy in a visual attention task.

='''Aphthous ulcers'''=  

*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials.

*Citation: Motamedi MR, Golestannejad Z. Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015 Mar-Apr;12(2):197-8. PMID: 25878688; PMCID: PMC4387635.

*In addition, nicotine or its metabolites can result in decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1 and 6, and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Consequently, there is reduced susceptibility to RAS due to immunosuppression and/or reduction in inflammatory response.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006 PDF Version]

*Subramanyam, R. V. (2011). Occurrence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis only on lining mucosa and its relationship to smoking – A possible hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 77(2), 185–187. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006  

*NOTE: Safer Nicotine Wiki does NOT endorse smoking for any potential therapeutic benefits. Smoking has too many severe consequences. Studies showing that less people who smoke end up with a specific ailment are included to show the potential benefits of the nicotine.

* This study shows that a group of RAS patients is significantly less likely to contain smokers than a matched control population, and among smokers the level of cigarette use was significantly lower in RAS patients than the control population. The perceived negative association between RAS and smoking was supported by this epidemiological study.

*Citation: Atkin PA, Xu X, Thornhill MH. Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking: an epidemiological study measuring plasma cotinine. Oral Dis. 2002 May;8(3):173-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.01826.x. PMID: 12108762.

*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section)

*Citation: Philippe Scheid, M.D., Abraham Bohadana, M.D., Yves Martinet, M.D., Ph.D., Université Henri Poincaré, 54500 Nancy-Vandoeuvre, France, December 14, 2000, N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1816-1817, DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200012143432418

*The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotine, in the form of Nicorette tablets, on aphthous ulcers in non-smoking patients. This preliminary trial shows that nicotine may have a beneficial effect on aphthous ulcers.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x PDF Version]

* Weng W, Bovard D, Zanetti F, Ehnert S, Braun B, Uynuk-Ool T, Histing T, Hoeng J, Nussler AK, Aspera-Werz RH. Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Jan 25:113637. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113637. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36708864

*The present study evaluated acute effects of oral nicotine treatment on three auditory tasks in young adult and elderly, healthy, non-smoking individuals. All had normal hearing within the frequency range of the stimuli presented for the three tasks. Compared to pre-treatment performance, nicotine improved frequency discrimination. Compared to placebo, nicotine produced no overall effects on the two frequency related tasks, but significantly improved intensity discrimination, with more improvement obtained for those who had lower baseline performance. The present results support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances auditory processing, but this enhancement is task-dependent.

*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92588-z.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Sun, S., Kapolowicz, M.R., Richardson, M. et al. Task-dependent effects of nicotine treatment on auditory performance in young-adult and elderly human nonsmokers. Sci Rep 11, 13187 (2021). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92588-z

*Nicotine improves auditory performance in difficult listening situations. The present results support future investigation of nicotine effects in clinical populations with auditory processing deficits or reduced cholinergic activation.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-019-05421-x PDF Version]

* In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, 63 income, insurance type, race, sex, depression, and anxiety, only the associations with cannabis 64 (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.80), e-cigarette (aOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.65-0.77), and regular cigarette 65 use (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.63-0.68) persisted (Table I)

*Taken together, our study provides evidence for the feasibility and tolerability of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine (TN/TNP)''']] in a small sample of adults with severe [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)''']] symptoms and pathological chronic aggression and irritability.  

*Our results also suggest that TN may have a beneficial effect on aggression, irritability, and sleep in ASD, though the sample size of this study is too small to make definitive conclusions.  

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*In this report, we describe five ex-smoker [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''BD''']] patients with active mucocutaneous lesions, not responsive to standard pharmacological treatments and treated with transdermal nicotine patches. Four out of five patients quickly responded to nicotine-patch therapy and experienced a complete regression of all mucocutaneous lesions within 6 months of observation.

*[https://watermark.silverchair.com/kep401.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArcwggKzBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKkMIICoAIBADCCApkGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMAxCHkIQW0BFNu-FbAgEQgIICarldUGOUxaPUQkbU6YWe72wo69i1_IkEjyR5K6ERQb_gEQIwrTl4csqOYUVdLT406p-qMSTS_7zLpVQHWPuJdgRBAfqcybz6DgCy2zqQ5ZosdDgmsw2rhZAzirypCBjNhbMkN7Xkyuzxb5_UBH2oxojOfjOcQnIq2D_0Tvsy5sM69ZomduO1XA9Lc70YNFKCmnXnQNzGDRqHBAGMuu-zgS3TQQOpDGk-5m0zT5i6cuY4jB7MVXhrRYr15XXX5AXbLqbHg9fiHp-qdoZbpD2Xu0Xn5tjlebzDQNOn_kbqPsJLtKXAjLMmtm4zd5VB0nXBqbS-ForIVHIjVDQfOduAnUrfr8mOsLhdwzPl6OV3185qmvVdkZXK_bpp2Xi_xSZrZluc2jZDeITdcrcx7r1pXdtQsxPQvRVP2GaSyFRX1glvIAqfqSnLm6oljfeAR2upPGUoMdDIQimCmjA0nhOdaIyygLJEAFKFpBwZ3jwy0FPtV3rSfjLOhm17_Dx-4BFxNMe1pU9HvnX4_L2EIZND4oAyXZssuI8U8u6DmhIbsj8BeWym5VNIi0yGEVY1I1v48YVnXxLOIMJDpENlFNf0_pNf9BLMuSrk_rPH42Ynok8BJaxD6q0BteLB24hVzQE93HAZzYt6trVdVU2gIRXVTNd47j-w0F8gWnZhOaeAee2uqUjFy5Fb5apSF4LCbxZgc-YX00eats2HuRVBmctlEuoQH28tJIdQ0m_NV7R6l8HqoAOvXvmFUAcEnuKEZ00vm1a6cU6mKwohpZwqt8tBcUCSDTjBM-_4k3b6hCK_kDItfxtcGkG9HkxxzA PDF Version]

*Keywords: Behçet’s disease, Cigarette smoking, Nicotine therapy, Mucocutaneous lesions

*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section)

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*Several studies have shown that nicotine treatment can attenuate cognitive deficits produced by medial septal lesions, lesions of the nucleus basalis, and traumatic brain injury.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1196/annals.1332.019 PDF Version]

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*Nicotine inhibits ovarian cancer cell ERK and p38 [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''MAPK''']] signaling.

*Nicotine inhibits ovarian cancer proliferation and spheroid invasion.

*Keywords: Nicotine, Ovarian cancer, Spheroid, MAPK, Invasion

*Nicotine significantly reduced antiviral-dependent alterations of the nociceptive threshold.  

*Moreover, nicotine decreased neuropathic pain induced by repeated intraperitoneal administration of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg), lowering the hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli.  

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*The findings provide the first evidence that [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|NP (Nicotine Patch)]] may be able to attenuate NA (negative affect) - related withdrawal symptoms in individuals with cannabis use disorder who are not heavy users of tobacco or nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-020-05476-1 PDF Version]

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=== 2023: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1252705/full Editorial: Nicotine and its derivatives in disorders of cognition: a challenging new topic of study] ===

* Qian Wang, Weihong Du, Hao Wang, Panpan Geng, Yanyun Sun, Junfang Zhang, Wei Wang, Xinchun Jin, PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723

*Nicotine improves sustained attention and reduces distractor interference, promoting cognitive stability. Nicotine enhances response times without differential impact on task switching or distraction.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029 PDF Version]

*Citation: Majdi, A., Kamari, F., & Gjedde, A. (2019). Molecular Insights Into Memory-Enhancing Metabolites of Nicotine in Brain: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.01002

*Preclinical models and human studies have demonstrated that nicotine has cognitive-enhancing effects. Attention, working memory, fine motor skills and episodic memory functions are particularly sensitive to nicotine’s effects.  

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]

*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner

*The e-cigarette can reduce desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use.

*The nicotine content in this respect may be more important for males.

*Electronic Cigarette Company (TECC) supplied the e-cigarettes and cartridges for this study. TECC had no involvement in the design or conduct of the study.

*Compared to placebo, nicotine and donepezil significantly improved, while alcohol significantly impaired overall flight performance. Both cholinergic drugs showed the largest effects on flight tasks requiring sustained visual attention.

*[https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Foulds, J., Stapleton, J., Swettenham, J. et al. Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Psychopharmacology 127, 31–38 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02805972

*Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests ([[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''IQ''']]).

*In this experiment we used the Raven [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)''']] test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks.

*Key words: Intelligence, APM, Nicotine, Smoking Cholinergic system

*Nicotine improves attention in a wide variety of tasks in healthy volunteers.  

*Nicotine improves immediate and longer term memory in healthy volunteers.  

*Abstract: "SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, and is characterized by a cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Great efforts are currently being made to block the signal transduction pathway of pro-inflammatory cytokines in order to control this “cytokine storm” and rescue severely affected patients. Consequently, possible treatments for cytokine-mediated hyperinflammation, preferably within approved safe therapies, are urgently being researched to reduce rising mortality. One approach to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release is to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAchR). Nicotine, an exogenous α7nAchR agonist, is clinically used in ulcerative colitis to counteract inflammation. We have found epidemiological evidence, based on recent clinical SARS-CoV-2 studies in China, that suggest that smokers are statistically less likely to be hospitalized. In conclusion, our hypothesis proposes that nicotine could constitute a novel potential CRS therapy in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients."

*Citation: Gonzalez-Rubio J, Navarro-Lopez C, Lopez-Najera E, Lopez-Najera A, Jimenez-Diaz L, Navarro-Lopez JD, Najera A. Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Nicotine in COVID-19 Patients: Trying to Calm the Storm. Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 11;11:1359. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01359. PMID: 32595653; PMCID: PMC7300218.

===2022 [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.826889/full Nicotine in Inflammatory Diseases: Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Inflammatory Effects]===

*Analysis of several studies - some animal.

*Citation: Lakhan, S.E., Kirchgessner, A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 9, 129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129

*Smoking has a detrimental effect in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Crohn's disease (CD)''']], but this may be due to factors in smoking other than nicotine. Given that transdermal nicotine benefits [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''ulcerative colitis (UC)''']], and there is a considerable overlap in the treatment of UC and CD, the possible beneficial effect of nicotine has been examined in patients with Crohn's colitis.

*In this relatively small study of patients with active Crohn's colitis, 6 mg nicotine enemas appeared to be of clinical benefit in most patients. They were well tolerated and safe.

*Acknowledgements: J. R. Ingram was supported by the Gastrointestinal Foundation Trust. SLA Pharma gave financial support to the project. The authors are indebted to Dr. J. T. Green (of Cardiff and Vale Hospitals Trust) who referred patients, and to Professor G. T. Williams (GTW) who performed all histological assessments.

*Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers and patients who have quit smoking. Randomised controlled trials were therefore developed to test the hypothesis that nicotine patches can induce remission of a flare of ulcerative colitis. This review provides evidence that transdermal nicotine is superior to placebo (fake patch) for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004722.pub2/full PDF Version]

*Acknowledgements: Funding for the IBD/FBD Review Group (October 1, 2005 - September 30, 2010) has been provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Knowledge Translation Branch; the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH); and the CIHR Institutes of Health Services and Policy Research; Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis; Gender and Health; Human Development, Child and Youth Health; Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes; and Infection and Immunity. Miss Ila Stewart has provided support for the IBD/FBD Review Group through the Olive Stewart Fund.

*No withdrawal symptoms suggesting nicotine addiction have been reported either after 4–6 weeks of therapy in short-term studies, or after a period of up to 6 months in the only long-term study available

*It can be concluded from these data that transdermal nicotine alone has limited efficacy in active ulcerative colitis and is ineffective as maintenance treatment. On the other hand, if administered in combination with mesalazine, nicotine is superior to placebo in promoting clinical remission of ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate degree, may represent an efficacious alternative to steroids in selected cases and, when effective, seems to exert a longer-lasting therapeutic effect than prednisone.

*Keywords: enemas, nicotine, transdermal patches, ulcerative colitis

*Nicotine is believed to be the pharmacological ingredient of tobacco that is responsible for this beneficial deterrent of UC and several clinical trials using nicotine have demonstrated it to be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Although the aetiology of ulcerative colitis is unclear, current research using nicotine-based products has produced some interesting clues, together with the possibility of some form of therapeutic treatment based on nicotine administration.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1136/pgmj.72.854.714 PDF Version]

*Citation: Birtwistle J. The role of cigarettes and nicotine in the onset and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Postgrad Med J. 1996 Dec;72(854):714-8. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.72.854.714. PMID: 9015463; PMCID: PMC2398677.

*Nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184.

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against ulcerative colitis (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

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===2001: [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-6262-0_19 Effects of a single transdermal nicotine dose on cognitive performance in adults with Down syndrome]===

*To explore the potential for cognitive enhancement utilizing nicotinic stimulation, 8 patients with Down syndrome (aged 18.5–31 years) received placebo and a single dose of transdermal nicotine (5mg patch) over 2h in a single-blind, within-subjects repeated measures design.  

*Citation: Bernert G., Sustrova M., Sovcikova E., Seidl R., Lubec G. (2001) Effects of a single transdermal nicotine dose on cognitive performance in adults with Down syndrome. In: Lubec G. (eds) Protein Expression in Down Syndrome Brain. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6262-0_19

*We investigated the effect of nicotine-agonistic stimulation with 5 mg transdermal patches, compared with placebo, on cognitive performance in five adults with the disorder. Improvements possibly related to attention and information processing were seen for Down's syndrome patients compared with healthy controls. Our preliminary findings are encouraging, although not generalizable because of small numbers.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02848-8 PDF Version]

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*Nicotine improved exercise endurance by 17 ± 7%, and in the absence of any effect on the usual peripheral markers, such as ventilation, heart rate and blood metabolites, we conclude that nicotine prolongs endurance by a central mechanism that may involve nicotinic receptor activation and/or altered activity of dopaminergic pathways.

*[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/expphysiol.2006.033373 PDF Version]

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===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908735/ Tobacco Harm Reduction with Vaporised Nicotine (THRiVe): A Feasibility Trial of Nicotine Vaping Products for Smoking Cessation Among People Living with HIV]===

*This study found that the provision of NVPs for 12 weeks was associated with 7-day point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence among 35% of a sample of PLHIV who smoked tobacco daily. These findings suggest that NVPs represent a potentially feasible and effective short-to-medium term tobacco smoking cessation aid and/or tobacco harm reduction strategy among PLHIV.

*See subcategories below

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===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===

*Nicotine is used for a number of reasons. In human studies, acute administration of nicotine can have positive effects on cognitive processes, such as improving attention, fine motor coordination, concentration, memory, speed of information processing, and alleviation of boredom or drowsiness. Some nicotine users benefit from self-medication effects for alleviation of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health and medical conditions, including schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease. Nicotine also reverses cognitive deficits caused by withdrawal. It is not clear if chronic use of nicotine enhances cognitive function.

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*See Also: Mental Health - ADD/ADHD above

*Human and Animal Studies

*Clinical trials and case series report anti-aggressive effects of nicotine. Here we argue that the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChR''']] system, the molecular basis for the global public health problem of tobacco smoking, may also be a key target for modulation of aggressive behaviors. Future research should aim to clarify which forms of aggression are most strongly affected by nAChR modulation, identify the nAChR subtypes, circuits, and neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine action, and determine whether more selective nAChR-active agents can replicate or improve the serenic effects of nicotine, especially with chronic dosing. Given the prevalence of aggressive behaviors across neuropsychiatric disorders affecting the very young to the very old, these studies have the potential to have a significant impact on public health.

*Keywords: Nicotine, Nicotinic receptor, Aggression, Aggressive behavior, Impulsivity, Acetylcholine

*Taken together, our study provides evidence for the feasibility and tolerability of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine (TN/TNP)''']] in a small sample of adults with severe [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)''']] symptoms and pathological chronic aggression and irritability.  

*Our results also suggest that TN may have a beneficial effect on aggression, irritability, and sleep in ASD, though the sample size of this study is too small to make definitive conclusions.  

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*Depression symptoms predicted more rapid e-cigarette progression in adolescents.

*E-cigarette use was not associated with an escalation in depression symptoms.

*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner

*It is postulated that smokers are protected from the consequences of these changes, while they continue to smoke, by the antidepressant properties of nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00205-7 PDF Version]

*Citation: Balfour, D. J. ., & Ridley, D. L. (2000). The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 79–85. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00205-7  

*Nicotine improves cognitive performance in clinical and preclinical studies.

*Nicotine may also benefit depressive symptoms and depressive behavior.

*Acknowledgement: Supported by NIH grants K24 MH110598 and CTSA award UL1TR000445 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

*In [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''MDD''']], acute nicotine administration normalized both pathways to the level of healthy controls, while having no impact on healthy controls. These results indicate that nicotine normalizes dysfunctional cortico-striatal communication in unmedicated non-smokers with MDD.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x PDF Version]

*Acknoledgements: This project was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grants K10 DA029645 and K02 DA042987 (ACJ). DAP was partially supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant R37 MH068376. Over the past 3 years, DAP has received consulting fees from Akili Interactive Labs, BlackThorn Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer and Posit Science, for activities unrelated to the current research.

*[[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|Late '''Life Depression (LLD)''']] is characterized by poor antidepressant response and cognitive dysfunction. Late life depression has no currently approved treatment that improves both its mood and cognitive symptoms.

*We observed robust response (86.7%) and remission rates (53.3%). There was a significant decrease in MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating scale) over the study, with improvement seen as early as three weeks. We also observed improvement in apathy and rumination. We did not observe improvement on the CPT (Conners Continuous Performance Test), but did observe improvement in subjective cognitive performance and signals of potential drug effects on secondary cognitive measures of working memory, episodic memory, and self-referential emotional processing.

*Acknowledgements: This research was supported by NIH grant K24 MH110598 and CTSA award UL1TR000445 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. The sponsor provided funding for the study but did not influence the design or conduct of the study.

*These findings suggest a role for nicotinic receptor systems in the pathophysiology of depression and that nicotinic compounds should be evaluated for treating depression symptoms.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression. Dr. Rose is an inventor named on several nicotine patch patents and receives royalties from sales of certain nicotine patches.

*Acute administration of nicotine patches produced rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increases in non-smoking major depressed patients as well as clinical improvement in mood. Antidepressant effect was also observed after four continuous days of nicotine administration.

*Citation: Salin-Pascual RJ. Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients. Rev Invest Clin. 2002 Jan-Feb;54(1):36-40. PMID: 11995405.

*Animal Study

*Epidemiological studies indicate a high incidence of cigarette smoking among depressed individuals. Moreover, individuals with a history of depression have a much harder time giving up smoking. It has been postulated that smoking may reflect an attempt at self-medication with nicotine by these individuals.

*Keywords: Key words Nicotine · Nicotinic receptor · FSL and FRL rats · Animal model of depression  

*Transdermal nicotine patches increased REM sleep in normal volunteers and depressed patients during 4 days of continuous administration. In addition, a significant improvement of mood was observed in depressed patients. Nicotinic mechanisms may be involved in depression.  These findings suggest that nicotine receptor activation may be important in major depression and shows for the first time that nicotine patches may be useful in the treatment of depression.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/00001756-199801050-00012 PDF Version]

*ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work has been supported by the following grants: DGAPA-UNAM IN -200895 to R.J.S-P.

*A high frequency of cigarette smoking has been reported among individuals with major depression.

*Results of the visual analog scale and [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''HAM-D''']] showed a significant improvement in depression after the second day of nicotine patches.

*Citation: Salín-Pascual RJ, Rosas M, Jimenez-Genchi A, Rivera-Meza BL, Delgado-Parra V. Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;57(9):387-9. PMID: 9746444.

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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.791 PDF Version]

*Citation:

*The main finding of the present study was that nicotine patches induced an increase in REM sleep time in depressed patients without any other changes in sleep variables

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02246496 PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: This work has been supported in part by FIIRESIN, Fideicomiso-UNAM (to RD-C) and DGAPA-UNAM1N203393 (to RJS-P).

*There is, then, no evidence in these data that the occurrence of MDD in persons with a prior history of nicotine dependence might have been caused directly by recent persistent smoking.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130033006 PDF Version]

*Citation: Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine Dependence and Major Depression: New Evidence From a Prospective Investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(1):31–35. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130033006

* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: (1) positive reinforcement, (2) negative reinforcement (mood normalization) (other issues and diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]

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*Nicotine may ameliorate OC symptoms in severe, treatment-refractory [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''OCD''']] patients. Although encouraging, these initial positive effects should be tested in large controlled studies.

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528475/pdf/12991_2020_Article_309.pdf PDF Version]

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*Smokers with PTSD report greater NA (Negative Affects) immediately prior to smoking and greater decreases in NA following smoking, and these findings are consistent with the observed patterns of brain activation in the current study. Thus, our findings provide a neurobiological basis that helps explain why individuals with PTSD are at greater risk of smoking and also experience greater difficulty quitting. The present study is not without its limitations. Our sample size was small and was predominately represented by female smokers.

*[https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aps/2012/265724.pdf PDF Version]

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===2022 [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.804055/full Evidence for Schizophrenia-Specific Pathophysiology of Nicotine Dependence]===

*Nicotine administration normalized DMN hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia. We here provide direct evidence that the biological basis of nicotine dependence is different in schizophrenia and in non-schizophrenia populations. Our results suggest the high prevalence of nicotine use in schizophrenia may be an attempt to correct a network deficit known to interfere with cognition.

*Citation: Ward HB, Beermann A, Nawaz U, Halko MA, Janes AC, Moran LV and Brady RO Jr (2022) Evidence for Schizophrenia-Specific Pathophysiology of Nicotine Dependence. Front. Psychiatry 13:804055. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.804055

*A high strength nicotine e-cigarette has the potential to help people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders to quit or reduce smoking. Further research with a larger sample and a comparator group is needed.  

*[https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-pdf/23/7/1113/38521536/ntab005.pdf PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: The authors wish also to thank PAX Labs (on June 13, 2017 the company became known as JUUL Labs) for the free supplies of JUUL e-cigarette kits and pods. At the time the research was conducted JUUL Labs were not part owned by Altria, a tobacco company. PAX Labs agreed also to supply pods for a further 3 months after the end of the pilot to participants who expressed a wish to continue using as JUUL was not available in Italy when this study has been conducted and not currently available at the 5% nicotine strength.

*Cognitive and early sensory alterations are core features of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia '''schizophrenia''']. A single dose of nicotine can improve those features in patients. Attention domain is the most responsive to nicotine in patients. Effects vary upon type of neuropsychological assessment and nicotine intake condition.

*[https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.035 PDF Version]

*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner

*The principal reason for the markedly increased rate of cigarette smoking in people with schizophrenia: tobacco cigarette smoking represents an attempt at self-medication in schizophrenia, because the additional nicotine so provided alleviates the hypofunctional sensory gating seen in this illness.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.017 PDF Version]

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*Animal Study

*Several [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChR''']] subtypes appear to be involved in these beneficial effects of nicotine and nAChR drugs including α4β2*, α6β2* and α7 nAChRs (the asterisk indicates the possible presence of other subunits in the receptor). Overall, the above findings, coupled with nicotine's neuroprotective effects, suggest that nAChR drugs have potential for future drug development for movement disorders.

* In a perplexing turn of events study co-author Anna Karin Hedström, MD, PhD said "Physicians should not recommend smoking MS patients switch to snuff, as snuff may have other negative health consequences." [Why not? if the alternative is continued smoking? ed.] Particularly considering she also said this "This indicates that nicotine is not the substance that leads to worse prognosis and that nicotine replacement therapy is probably harmless — at least with respect to disease progression."<!--T:186-->

*Animal Study

* This study provides evidence that nicotine alters the infiltration of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils into the CNS of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE''']] mice via multiple [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''nAChRs''']], including the α7 and α9 subtypes. Nicotine appears to achieve these effects by inhibiting the expression of CCL2 and CXCL2, two cytokines involved in the chemotaxis of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, respectively. The use of ligands that are selective for one or both of these nAChR subtypes may offer a beneficial clinical outcome, and thus provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS.

*See Also - Related article: [https://mssociety.ca/research-news/article/ms-society-funded-study-shows-that-nicotine-reduces-the-invasion-of-harmful-immune-cells-into-the-brain-in-mice-with-an-ms-like-disease MS Society-funded study shows that nicotine reduces the invasion of harmful immune cells into the brain in mice with an MS-like disease]

*Animal Study

*Our results show that nicotine reduces the severity of EAE, as shown by reduced demyelination, increased body weight, and attenuated microglial activation. Nicotine administration after the development of EAE symptoms prevented further disease exacerbation, suggesting that it might be useful as an [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE/MS''']] therapeutic. In contrast, the remaining components of cigarette smoke, delivered as cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), accelerated and increased adverse clinical symptoms during the early stages of EAE.

*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by National Multiple Sclerosis Society awards CA1044A1 and PP181, National Aeronautics and Space Administration NNA14AB04A and National Institutes of Health R01NS42168 (ST), and National Institutes of Health K12GM102778 to JN.

*Animal Study

*Due to the proven therapeutic effect of nicotine on AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) and PD (Parkinson’s Disease), we decided to study the role of nicotine in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''EAE''']] as an animal model of MS. Our treatment group showed less inflammation in histopathological evaluation along with myelin sheet protection. Moreover, prevention group showed less inflammation compared with treatment group. Thus, nicotine might be recommended as a promising drug for [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|MS]] therapy.

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===2021: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/2/483/htm Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study]===

*HSC-2 cell viability was not impaired by nicotine at the concentrations usually observed in smokers; increased expressions of IL-8 and ICAM-1 induced by P. gingivalis LPS or TNF-α were diminished by nicotine treatment. Additionally, an inhibitory effect on β-defensin production was also demonstrated. Apart from being the usually alleged harmful substance, nicotine probably exerted a suppressive effect on inflammatory factors production in HSC-2 cells.

*Citation: An, N., Holl, J., Wang, X., Rausch, M. A., Andrukhov, O., & Rausch-Fan, X. (2021). Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020483

*The positive findings in the present study in surgeries performed under local anaesthesia are in agreement with data from systematic reviews that have reported the effectiveness of nicotine in the control of postoperative pain following surgery under general anaesthesia.

*This study establishes a new prevention and treatment modality regarding pain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema oedema], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trismus trismus] in a versatile, convenient, safe, and effective form, thereby minimizing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders caused by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in third molar surgeries.

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===2023 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014299923000298?via%3Dihub Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron]===

*Animal Study

*Citation: Nakamoto, K., Matsuura, W., & Tokuyama, S. (2023). Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron. European journal of pharmacology, 175518. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175518

*The positive findings in the present study in surgeries performed under local anaesthesia are in agreement with data from systematic reviews that have reported the effectiveness of nicotine in the control of postoperative pain following surgery under general anaesthesia.

*This study establishes a new prevention and treatment modality regarding pain, oedema, and trismus in a versatile, convenient, safe, and effective form, thereby minimizing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders caused by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in third molar surgeries.

*Acknowledgements: Funding - CAPES, Ministry of Education, Brazil

*Pain and tobacco smoking are both highly prevalent and comorbid conditions, current smoking has been associated with more severe chronic pain and physical impairment, and acute nicotine-induced analgesia could make smoking more rewarding and harder to give up.

*Moderation analyses further revealed that acute analgesic effects may be achieved regardless of nicotine delivery method, current smoking status, pain induction modality, study design, or control condition, and that such effects may be more robust among men than women.

*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by NIH Grant Nos. R21DA034285 and R21DA038204 awarded to Joseph W. Ditre, NIH Grant Nos. F31DA033058 and T32DA007288 awarded to Bryan W. Heckman, NIH Grant No. F31DA039628 awarded to Emily L. Zale, and NIH Grant No. 2K05 AA16928 awarded to Stephen A. Maisto.

*Nicotine significantly reduced antiviral-dependent alterations of the nociceptive threshold.  

*Moreover, nicotine decreased neuropathic pain induced by repeated intraperitoneal administration of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg), lowering the hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli.  

*Keywords: nAChR; Dideoxycytidine; Oxaliplatin; Antiviral; Anticancer, pain, chemotherapy, nicotine, neuropathy

*Intraoperative use of intranasal nicotine has a sustained opioid-sparing effect in non-smoking women undergoing gynaecological procedures and is associated with a higher frequency of nausea.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1097/EJA.0b013e328344d998 PDF Version]

*Acknowledgements: The present work was supported solely by the Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

*The preoperative application of a 7 mg nicotine patch resulted in a significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption in nonsmoking men undergoing [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''RRP''']] in this study. Its use was generally well tolerated, but the maximum nausea scores were higher in patients who received nicotine.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616# PDF Version]

*Citation: Habib, Ashraf S., MBBCh, MSc, FRCA*; White, William D., MPH*; El Gasim, Magdi A., MD*; Saleh, Gamal, MD*; Polascik, Thomas J., MD†; Moul, Judd W., MD†; Gan, Tong J., MB, FRCA* Transdermal Nicotine for Analgesia After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy, Anesthesia & Analgesia: September 2008 - Volume 107 - Issue 3 - p 999-1004 doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616

*Animal study

*Female mice had significant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia hyperalgesia] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane isoflurane]. Nicotine administration prevented isoflurane-induced hyperalgesia without altering the antinociception produced by higher isoflurane concentrations.

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=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36817162/ Nicotine alleviates MPTP-induced nigrostriatal damage through modulation of JNK and ERK signaling pathways in the mice model of Parkinson's disease.] ===

* Nicotine (Nic) has previously been proven to reduce neurodegeneration in the models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study is intended to investigate the detailed mechanisms related to the potential neuroprotective effects of Nic in vivo.

* Benjamin Mappin-Kasirer, Hongchao Pan, Sarah Lewington, Jennifer Kizza, Richard Gray, Robert Clarke, Richard Peto First published May 5, 2020, DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009437</nowiki>

*At 26 year follow-up, women with greater dietary nicotine intake had a lower risk of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Parkinson Disease (PD)''']] than those with lower intake. Dietary nicotine intake was calculated based on consumption of peppers, tomatoes, processed tomatoes, potatoes, and tea.  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186 PDF Version]

*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner

*Human and animal references

*Analyzes results showing that chronic nicotine treatment improved striatal integrity and function.

*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH grants NS42091 and NS47162.

*Nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Parkinson's Disease''']].

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184.

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against '''Parkinson's Disease''' (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

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*In light of recent data demonstrating that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, the possibility that novel anti-inflammatory treatments such as nicotine replacement therapy or analogues could have a beneficial effect on patients with psoriasis should be considered. This case described one such occasion in which it appeared that nicotine had a therapeutic effect on a patient’s psoriasis.  

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325452/pdf/0580404.pdf PDF Version]

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*Two patients with pyoderma gangrenosum treated with topical nicotine 0.5% w/w cetamacrogol formula A cream are described here, both of whom had dramatic clinical resolution of their pyoderma gangrenosum.

*[https://scihubtw.tw/10.1080/09546630310019364 PDF Version]

*Keywords: Pyoderma gangrenosum — Topical nicotine cream — Treatment

*Herein we describe a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum who responded twice to topical nicotine within 4 weeks and 3 months, respectively, without any adverse effects.

*[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/articlepdf/189304/dce8005.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=ucasa&ct=ufr&ei=Z2aqX4SnOc2rywTPj5aYDw&scisig=AAGBfm1pz6ffl3a23G__I3APgBLpY6Cofw PDF Version]

*Citation: Wolf R, Ruocco V. Nicotine for Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(9):1071–1072. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.9.1071

*We used nicotine chewing gum for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with remarkable results. We strongly suggest that nicotine chewing gum may not only be beneficial in treating pyoderma gangrenosum but may also be useful in treating other skin disorders with prominent neutrophilic infiltrations such as Behcet's disease, Sweet disease, allergic vasculitis, and recurrent oral aphthae, the last of which is known to respond to smoking.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03904.x PDF Version]

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*The immune phenotype of patients with symptomatic [[wikipedia:Sarcoidosis|'''sarcoidosis''']] treated with nicotine closely resembled that of asymptomatic patients, supporting the notion that nicotine treatment may be beneficial in this patient population.

*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Julian/publication/230645268_Nicotine_Treatment_Improves_TLR2_and_TLR9_Responsiveness_in_Active_Pulmonary_Sarcoidosis/links/556ca4af08aeab77722318be/Nicotine-Treatment-Improves-TLR2-and-TLR9-Responsiveness-in-Active-Pulmonary-Sarcoidosis.pdf PDF Version]

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*This is the hitherto largest observational study supporting a favorable effect of nicotine in this specific seizure disorder. Better seizure control from transdermal nicotine compared to only day-time consumption suggests benefit from exposure throughout the night. According to current clinical experience, patients with uncontrolled ADSHE harboring relevant mutations should be offered precision treatment with transdermal nicotine.

*Citation: Brodtkorb E, Myren-Svelstad S, Knudsen-Baas KM, Nakken KO, Spigset O. Precision treatment with nicotine in autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE): An observational study of clinical outcome and serum cotinine levels in 17 patients. Epilepsy Res. 2021 Oct 25;178:106792. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106792. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34763266.

*Nevertheless, the two siblings reported here add to the small number of pediatric case reports regarding the successful use of nicotine patches in ADSHE.

*Journal Pre-Proof [https://www.pedneur.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0887-8994%2821%2900147-8 PDF Version]

===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32097883/  Remarkable effect of transdermal nicotine in children with CHRNA4-related autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy]===

*We report resolution of an epileptic encephalopathy by administration of transdermal nicotine patches in an adolescent with severe nonlesional refractory frontal lobe epilepsy. The 18.5‐year‐old female patient had refractory epilepsy from the age of 11. Recurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings showed mostly generalized activity, albeit with right frontal predominance. Almost all antiepileptic medications failed to provide benefit. She developed an encephalopathic state with cognitive decline. The nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy and a family history of a cousin with nocturnal epilepsy with frontal origin suggested genetic etiology. Transdermal nicotine patches brought complete resolution of the seizures, normalization of the EEG, and a significant improvement in her thinking process and speech organization. Sequencing of the CHRNB2 and CHRNA4 genes did not detect a mutation. Transdermal nicotine patches should be considered in severe pharmacoresistant frontal lobe epilepsy.

*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03715.x PDF Version]

*Key Words: Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Refractory epilepsy.

*In this individual with refractory [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''ADNFLE''']], nicotine had a therapeutic effect on seizures, and it may be useful to others with this disorder.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1 PDF Version]

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*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against sleep apnea (other diseases / issues mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

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*Links and conclusions of studies formatted to fit the character limits on Twitter

*This wiki page shows over 70 studies demonstrating these products help people stop smoking.

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*Animal Study

*Primary impact to the spinal cord results in stimulation of secondary processes that potentiate the initial trauma. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''spinal cord injury (SCI)''']].

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* The article presents a mini-review of studies on TS and depression over the past 25 years.

* It summarizes the studies on the behavioral biology of the basal ganglia and its neurotransmitters.

*Acknowledgement: Paul R. Sanberg and R. Douglas Shytle are inventors on patents related to technology described herein and licensed from the University of South Florida to Targacept, Inc. Because of the historical nature of this article, the authors included a number of self-citations required for a chronological discussion.  

*In the 14 evaluable patients with complete primary efficacy data, nicotine (compared to placebo) failed to alter symptoms at 4 hours, but counteracted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300_(neuroscience) ERP-P300] signs of diminished attention seen 2 weeks following placebo treatment.  

*Secondary efficacy measures, including patient self-reports and parental ratings, found nicotine to reduce complex tics and improve behaviors related to inattention.

*Acknowledgement: This study was supported with a grant from the Tourette Syndrome Association (USA), and patient recruitment was aided by the Ottawa chapter of the Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada.  

*[[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Transdermal nicotine (TNP)''']] was superior to placebo in reducing behavioral symptoms when patients were receiving an optimal dose of haloperidol, when the dose of haloperidol was reduced by 50%, and when the patch had been discontinued for 2 weeks. These findings confirm earlier open-label findings and suggest that combining nicotinic receptor modulation and neuroleptics could be a therapeutic option for the treatment of Tourette's disorder  

*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Sanberg/publication/11670769_Transdermal_Nicotine_and_Haloperidol_in_Tourette's_Disorder/links/5be32624299bf1124fc2d86a/Transdermal-Nicotine-and-Haloperidol-in-Tourettes-Disorder.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Silver AA, Shytle RD, Philipp MK, Wilkinson BJ, McConville B, Sanberg PR. Transdermal nicotine and haloperidol in Tourette's disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Sep;62(9):707-14. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v62n0908. PMID: 11681767.

*Within 24 hr of the application of a single 7-mg [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TNP (nicotine patch)''']], the severity and frequency of tic symptoms is significantly decreased over baseline. This response is rapid, often reaching its maximum in the first 3 hr after application of a single patch. The duration of therapeutic effect of a single 7-mg TNP is variable and may last for about l-2 weeks.

*Application of a 7-mg TNP to children and adolescents with [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TS''']] appears to be clinically safe, with transient side effects. However, no child under 8 years of age and weighing less than 25 kg was considered for TNP treatment.

*Keywords: Nicotine; Tourette's syndrome; tics; neuropsychiatric disorders

*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (TS)''']].

*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value.

*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184.

* Sixteen Tourette's syndrome patients, aged 9 to 15 years, whose symptoms were not controlled with neuroleptics, were followed for various lengths of time after the application of one 7 mg [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''transdermal nicotine patch (TNP)''']] for 24 hours. While there was a broad range in individual response, application of the TNP produced significant reductions in [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)''']] scores relative to baseline, with an average duration of effect lasting between 1 and 2 weeks. Side effects, for the most part, were transient.

*Eleven patients had greater percentage changes after the second TNP than after the first TNP

*Citation: Silver AA, Shytle RD, Philipp MK, Sanberg PR. Case study: long-term potentiation of neuroleptics with transdermal nicotine in Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;35(12):1631-6. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199612000-00015. PMID: 8973070.

*In this study, nicotine markedly potentiated haloperidol effects in treating [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''TD''']], and showed lesser effects on TD when used alone.

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90315-q PDF Version]

*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council, Inc., the Tourette Syndrome Association, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. The authors thank Roger Stuebing, B.S.M.E., M.S.I.E., and Sunny Y. Lu, M.D., Ph.D. for statistical advice and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals for supplying both Nicoreue® gum and placebo nicotine gum.

*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against Tourette's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

*Chewing nicotine gum produced striking relief from tics and other symptoms of Tourette syndrome not controlled by neuroleptic treatment alone. It appears that the use of nicotine or cannabinoids may greatly improve the clinical response to neuroleptics in motor disorders.

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version]

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===2011 [https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129 Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis]===

*Nicotine, the principal addictive constituent of tobacco, has been shown to suppress appetite and attenuates obesity in many studies, but the underlying mechanism is not clear.  

*Citation: Lakhan, S.E., Kirchgessner, A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 9, 129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129

* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]

**Keywords

**Other